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Comprehension of world. Theses.

1. Cognition as a philosophical problem.

2. Mechanism and stages of cognition as a reflection and creation.

3. Truth: its features and criteria.

I-1 à) Naive realists or elemental materialists of ancient time considered that a world is such, whichwe perceive it. Democrit.

I-1 b) The vulgar materialism and also mechanical materialists sharpened this position. At them cognitive image coincides with the object of cognition fully, cognitive image is mirror reflection of object, is its copy just the same;image is deprived of subjective coloration. So the subject is made non-active, is made passive, its creative role and source are ignored. But the life shows:

1. Man, a subject is not indifferent, and cognition requires big efforts and costs.

2. Image - is ideal (one hundred dollars in thoughts), and object (one hundred dollars in a pocket) - is material. How does image appear without a prototype? A trap!..

²-1 c) objective idealists try to overcome these faults, to fill in simplification: cog-nition is difficult, heavily, and subject of it is active, and spiritual activity is important. They go out from «immediate given» of object in a mind. Plato connected cog-nition to process of «reminiscence» of soul (anamnesis, in Greece); Leybnits came from principle of the «pre-set harmony», Shelling - from the absolute identity of ideal and real; Hegel was guided by principle of initial identity of being and thought; dualist R. Decart: teaching about inborn ideas and thought as independent substance.

I-2-1. Detailing position of skeptics we meet at D. Hume (XVII c.): «all cognition deals with experience and can not go out for its limits, to judge about the relations between experience and reality». But how to act? Hume considered: firstly, it is possible to live and act under a template, secondly, on memory, thirdly, in mathematics - to follow “a priori” (it is means – over-empiric, out-empiric) judgements, for example «after it – there means: by reason of it». In what, by the way, Hume was wrong.

I-3-1. Agnosticism is negation of possibility to cognise the world. G. Berkley (XVII-XVIII c.) asserted that a subject is closed in his own feelings and images, where there isn’t anything objective. How does subject live and not perish? So subject is fully satisfied by the errors/ illusions.

I-3-2. I.G. Fihte: «An object can not exist without a subject, because every thing exists in us or before us not differently as together with consciousness or through consciousness of this thing».

I-3-3. I. Kant hesitated between materialism and idealism. His 1st parcel - mat-m 1) «Thing in itself exists», i.e. “things exist /are/ objective, independently of consciousness of man. They act on his sense-organs. His 2nd parcel - id-m 2) «thing in itself» is incognisable, we do not know, what it is out of our sense-organs, we deal only with the phenomenon, and essence to us is not accessible. Human knowledge is a priori: over-empiric, out-empiric.

² –4 = I-1 d) Dialectical materialism: A) practice, involving in the process of practical activity. Or, speaking by the words of F. Engels (W., V. 21. P. 284) , if we ourselves make the phenomenon, if we cause it from conditions (for example, we accomplish the movement of yacht on the waves of river), we force to serve the phenomena to our interests, that is they use as it applies to our aims and to our plans, - to the Kant’s elusive «thing in itself», to noumen, an end comes, a «thing for us», phenomenon, appears.



B) Where is a source of knowledge? are necessities of production, of life, of material reality

I-5. Soc.- history His reflection is active

Ideal. and it is connected with the third verge


Date: 2015-04-20; view: 983


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