ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY IN USE

1. THE ENGLISH VERB

1.1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE-FORMS

A. The Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense

FORMATION

Table /

Contractions:

don't = do not doesn't = does not

* The rules of the verb tenses formation and usage in 1 1-1.7. refer to the Active Voice.

As is seen from the table above the Present Simple (In­definite) in affirmative sentences coincides in form with the Infinitive without the particle to except the 3rd person singular when the ending s (-es) is added to the verb.

I work - he works; you play - she plays;

we finish - it finishes; I cry - she cries The ending -s/-es has three variants of pronunciation: [s],

[z], [iz]. (See the table below).

Table 2

In interrogative and negative sentences the Present Simple tense takes the auxiliary do or does (for the 3rd person singular) with the exception of the verb to be which does not need an auxiliary.

When does he usually do his homework?

What do you do for a living?

I don't feel like going out tonight.

Why are you so angry with him?

He is not in. He is out.

USAGE

The Present Simple (Indefinite) tense denotes:

1. Habitual facts or repeated actions, which are normally indicated by adverbials of frequency such as often, always, usually, seldom, rarely, sometimes, never, generally, as a rule, every day (month), every other day (week, month, etc.,), once a week, etc.

He often works till midnight.

My brother plays tennis every other day.

Are you never late for classes?

Do you generally speak English in class?

2. Universal truths (laws of nature) and permanent cha­racteristics, situations or states.

The sun sets in the west. She teaches English at school. Do you like rainy weather? His parents live in London.

3. Present actions and states, going on at the moment of speech with the so-called stative* verbs which include

a) verbs of sense perception: see, hear, notice, taste, smell, etc.

It smells like a hospital in here.

The meat tastes spicy.

I don't see anyone in the room. Where are they all?

b) verbs of mental activity: understand, think, believe, remember, know, forget, mean, suppose, recognize, etc.

Do you recognize me? What does he mean?

Who do you think will win the game? Do you know what he is speaking about?

c) verbs of feeling and emotions: like, dislike, hate, love, wish, want, prefer, care, etc.

I prefer dogs to cats.

Which of these dresses do you like best?

About the possibility of using the Present Continuous with some of the stative verbs see Part B of this Unit.

Do you want anything to drink? - I want a glass

of juice, please.

Jill really hates house work.

d) verbs of possession: have, belong, own, possess, etc. Who does this car belong to? They have a big new house.

4. Future actions

a) in subordinate clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, after, before, as soon as, until, if, in case, etc.

When the water boils I'll turn off the gas. I'll join you as soon as I get a note from you. You won't get slim if you eat too many sweets. I'll tell you a secret if you promise to keep it. b) for scheduled facts and events such as flights, train arrivals, departures, itineraries which are worked out officially and are certain to take place.

The flight leaves at 2 p.m. (according to the time­table)

You arrive at Basel at 6.30 a.m. local time, (accor­ding to the itinerary)

B. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense

FORMATION

The Present Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary be in the appropriate form and the Present Par­ticiple of the main verb.

Table 3

Contractions:

'm = am 're = are

's = is

aren't = are not isn't = is not

When -ing is added to a verb there may be some changes in spelling:

a) final e is omitted: have - having; make - making;

b) ie is replaced by y: lie - lying; die - dying;

c) the consonant following a short vowel is doubled: put -putting; get - getting.

USAGE

The Present Continuous tense denotes:

1. An action happening now. This may mean 'at the actual

moment of speaking' or over a period of time including

the moment of speaking.

We are packing the things now and the kids are

playing in their room.

Peter is still sleeping. Don't wake him up.

It's raining all day.

It may also have a broader sense and mean 'about the moment of speaking'.

He is studying at Oxford. (Although he may be on vacation at the moment of speaking.) He's teaching French and learning Greek. (He may not be doing either at the moment of speaking.) The purpose of using the Present Continuous tense for actions which do not coincide with the moment of speech is to show that they have a limited duration. In other words, they are temporary, not permanent actions. As is seen from the examples above the Present moment (both in the narrower and broader senses) is indicated by time adverbials such as at the moment, now, at present, just now, right now, etc. When the duration over a period of time is meant, adverbials like all the morning, all day, the whole night, still, etc are used.

2. Pre-arranged future actions, i.e. actions that have been planned or intended by the speaker*.

My father is leaving for Rome tonight. We are having a party on Saturday. Nick is running a marathon next week.

3. Actions of unusual frequency with adverbials of per­manence and repetition such as always, constantly, etc. In these cases the Present Continuous gives an utterance an emotional colouring, mainly of a negative kind: irri­tation, annoyance, reproach, etc.

You are always finding fault with me. Why are you complaining all the time?

* Compare with the Present Simple for future actions which is used in formal situations, when the action does not convey the spea­ker's plan.

Notice the difference in meaning:

She always worries about her children. (Present Simple with 'always' is used to denote a regular habitual action.)

She is always worrying about trifles. (Present Continuous with 'always' is used to express the speaker's irritation about smb's habit which he/she considers negative.)

Note that some of the stative verbs can be used in the Present Continuous form when the verb expresses an activity (an event), not a state.

Compare the use of the Present Continuous (Progressive) and the Present Simple (Indefinite) tense-forms.

1. What are you doing, Jane? Are you still looking for your gloves? You are always losing your things!

2. What does he do for a living? - He sings and plays the guitar.

3. I'm learning to drive a car. Next month I am getting my driving licence.

4. Tom drives very well. He is always very careful when driving.

5. We usually grow beans in our garden but this year we are not growing any.

6. Do you understand the problems they are discussing?

I. It is cold today. It is snowing all day. It often snows at this time of the year.

8. You will help us a lot if you continue your investigation.

9. Mike doesn't speak English, does he?

10. Listen to them! What language are they speaking?

II. The Moon goes round the Earth.

12. The family are having lunch now.

13. How many meals a day do you usually have?

14. Don't worry. Father is coming back soon.

15. Skill comes with practice.

PRACTICE

1. Choose between the Present Simple (Indefinite) and Present Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

1. They usually sit/are sitting for hours without saying a word.

2. She is keeping/keeps her room tidy as a rule.

3. Don't ask me what spinach is tasting/tastes like. I've never tried it.

4. Ann is applying/applies this ointment every other day.

5. We are seeing/see each other only occasionally.

6. Next week we sign/are signing the contract.

7. Could you turn off the television? Nobody watches/is watching it now.

8. How do you get/are you getting to your office?

9. The water in this lake seldom is freezing/freezes in winter.

10. Water doesn't exist/isn't existing on the Moon.

2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.

1. Dave always stays at the office (since/till) six o'clock.

2. She makes strawberry jam (every year/ recently). -

3. It's freezing hard (for a long time/now).

4. People (continually/traditionally) prepare coloured eggs at Easter.

5. They are having some financial difficulties (lately/now).

6. I'm feeling rather run down (recently/at present), doctor.

7. Carol (rarely/usually) reads a lot and is extremely well-informed.

8. The company is looking for people with experience (lately/now).

9. I don't go swimming very much (as a rule/now and again).

10. The new school opens (at once/next week).

11. We are eating in the kitchen (during/while) this cold weather.

12. What do you usually do (in the afternoon/this afternoon)^

13. Mary is going to be a film star (once/one day).

14. More and more young people have careers (nowadays/ recently).

15. My father shaves (in a day/every other day).

3. Open the brackets using the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense-forms.

1. Have you got a light? - Sorry, I (not/smoke).

2. My wife has never been to France. She (plan) to go there next summer.

3. Your car is so clean. How often you (wash) it?

4. Students often (think) that exams (be) a nuisance.

5. Peter seldom (tell) the truth. You can't believe everything he (say).

6. You (understand) what he (talk) about?

7. Nancy (look) like her father.

8. What you (dop. - I'm an engineer.

9. The soup (taste) good.

10. Your brother (be) a student now? - Yes, he (study) at the University.

11. Ann (play) the piano better than Susan.

And who (play) now? - I (think) it (be) Susan.

12. What you (do) tomorrow evening? -1 (go) to the theatre.

13. I usually (not/have) breakfast before I (go) to work.

14. She often (take) my dictionary but seldom (remember) to bring it back. If tomorrow she (ask) for the dictionary again, I shan't give it to her.

15. What a beautiful dress you (wear).' When did you buy it?

16. He is a night watchman. He (work) at night and (sleep) in the daytime.

17. She (be) a dietician. She (help) people to choose the right food.

18. They (say) if you (see) a black cat, you (not/liave) good luck.

19. Jane (be) in Paris now. She (learn) French there.

20. If Peter (continue) to drive his car carelessly, he'll get into a traffic accident.

21. You (hear) this noise downstairs? What can it be?

22. Have you heard about Tom? He (build) a new house now.

23. You'll have to put on your rubber boots if it (not/stop) raining in a minute.

24. If I (have) some time in the evening, I'll repair your bicycle.

25. Excuse me, but you (stand) on my foot.

26. She (give) two concerts in London next week.

27. What time the children (come) out of school, as a rule?

28. Why you (smell) the meat? It (not/be) fresh?

29. She always (let) me down!

30. You (believe) in God?

31. You always (complain) about the weather!

32. Take the saucepan off the cooker! The water (boil).

33. I'm afraid you can't see my daughter at the moment. She (have) a music lesson. She always (have) it on Friday mornings.

34. She (be) still ill, but she (get) better now.

35. It often (rain) here at this time of the year?

36. Don't interrupt me while I (talk) to somebody else.

37. He's a doctor, but he (not/practise) at the moment.

38. What he (do)! - He (try) to get the car started.

39. In Britain most shops (close) at 5.30 p.m.

40. I'm sorry it's so noisy, but we (move) the furniture.

41. Where you (come) from?-I (come) from Russia.

42. Flowers always (make) a good present.

43. Alice never (go) to work by bus. She (walk) through the park, as a rule.

44. What he (mean) by saying this? It (sound) strange.

45. I (write) to my parents twice a month.

46. She always (be late) for classes!

47. I (write) this letter to you while the children (play) on the beach. Actually, they (play) here the whole day.

48. If we (start) at nine, we (have) plenty of time for the shops. We (be) free till half past four.

49. They always (tell) him everything. So I (think), he (know) about it already.

50. This carpet (cost) 30 dollars. Why not buy it?

51. He still (try) to find a job but there (not/be) much work available at present.

52. Believe me, I (think) of you all the time.

53. I (not/know) how they (make) both ends meet. They (have) six children and (not/earn) very much.

54. My mother (think) that hitch-hiking (be) dangerous.

55. The police (look) into the matter now.

56. People (like) stability in life.

57. They (open) a new McDonald's tomorrow.

58. The English (believe) that their home (be) their castle.

59. Mike (arrive) in three days. We can't wait until he (come). Everyone (look forward) to seeing him.

60. What a wonderful day we (have) today!

61. When he (have) a problem to solve he will work at it until he (find) an answer.

62. The equator (run) round the middle of the earth.

63. Jack and Helen (live) in the Hague. At the moment they (travel) round Britain.

64. When snakes (lose) their skins?

65. The English (like) coalfires even though they (not/pro­duce) much heat.

66. My brother (not/care) very much what he (look) like.

67. She always (lose) her temper!

68. A hot-air balloon (float) because hot air (be) lighter than cool air. A hot air balloon (consist) of a basket in which the pilot and the crew (stand), a gas burner and a large

balloon.

69. As soon as doctors (find) an answer to AIDS, they will be able to cure people.

70. You (look) great after your holiday! - Yes, I (feel) wonderful!

71. You can borrow my Walkman unless you (lose) it.

72. Have I told you about how Ann (get on) at college?

73. He (be) intelligent but he (lack) common sense.

74. The house (be) in good condition but it (need) to be repainted.

75. He (waste) his time looking for a job there, they (not/ take) any staff on now.

76. The man who (live) opposite us sometimes (come) over for a cup of coffee.

77. She (dislike) asking people for favours.

78. If I (have) a headache I generally (take) an aspirin.

79. In England it always (rain) and the wind constantly

(blow)!

80. If you (heat) ice, it (melt).

81. Don't take the newspaper away! I still (read) it.

82. How I (look) in this dress? It (suit) me?

83. Much of eastern England (have) a soil that (produce) crops of a very high yield.

84. Let's sit for a while. My feet (ache) me.

85. I (see) no way of avoiding the problem.

86. At the moment the company (reorganize) its department.

87. The early bird (catch) the worm.

88. Scotland (occupy) the northern part of Great Britain, (not/ do) it?

89. Good news! Sue and Paul (come) to stay with us.

90. Can you close the window? It (freeze) in here.

91. My cousin (attend) a university in Midwest which (spe­cialize) in astronomy.

92. Every time cigarettes (go) up in price, many people (try) to stop smoking.

93. The food that Mother (cook) in the kitchen (smell) delicious.

94. Whenever it (rain) very hard, the stream (overflow).

95. No wonder the house (be) so cold! You always (leave) the doors open!

96. The film (be) very confusing. You (understand) what (go) on?

1.2. THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE-FORMS

A. The Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense

FORMATION

The Past Simple is formed by adding -ed to the stem for regular verbs and by changing the root vowel or in some other ways for irregular verbs which need to be memorized. The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons.

Table 4

Contractions:

didn't = did not

When -ed is added there are sometimes changes in spelling, e.g. stop - stopped, study - studied. The ending -ed has variants of pronunciation depending on the type of a preceding sound:

USAGE

The Past Simple tense denotes:

1. A single action or a state. The reference of the action to the past is typically indicated by time adverbials such as ago, last year (week, month), yesterday, the other day, in 1997, last (time), for five years, for a week, etc.

Ann spent a lot of money on books yesterday. It didn't rain last night.

When did you go to the cinema last?

She started learning the piano at the age of five.

I baked the cake for 30 minutes.

Note that when an adverbial denoting a period of time (for five years, for a fen- minutes, etc) is used with the Past Simple emphasis is placed on the reference of the fact to the past, not on the duration of the activity.

They lived in Brest for five years before the war.

2. A succession of single past actions.

/ entered the office, looked around and came up to

the secretary.

3. Habitual past actions or states.

I often went cycling last summer.

When it is desired to emphasize a contrast between the past and the present the construction used to + Infinitive* is preferable.

He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day till he

finally gave up smoking.

Do you play golf? - No, but I used to when I lived

in the country.

She used to be such a happy lively girl (but no longer now).

The construction would + Infinitive is also used to describe repeated past actions (but not states). It is more common for written language and often occurs in reminiscences.

* Note the difference in meaning between 'used to do smth' and be (get) used to smth or doing smth', e.g. We used to go to the cinema a lot but we never get the time now. It's hard to understand Scottish people if you're not used to their accent. I'm not used to walking long distances.

When we worked in the same office, we would have coffee together.

4. Reported present time actions after the reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, wonder, etc in the Past Simple (according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses).

B. The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

FORMATION

The Past Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary was/were and the Present Participle of the main

verb.

Table 5

Contractions:

wasn't = was not weren't = were not

USAGE

The Past Continuous (Progressive) tense denotes:

1. An action in progress at a definite moment* or at a definite period of time in the past indicated normally by adverbial modifiers such as at 5 p.m., at that time yesterday, from 2 to 3, between three and four, all the morning, the whole day, etc.

At one o'clock she was having lunch.

What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?

It was raining the whole morning.

The moment in the past can also be expressed by the context or by an adverbial clause of time.

I looked out of the window. The sun was shining

and the birds were singing.

When I came in he was lying in bed.

Obviously, the action of the subordinate clause of time in such cases is simultaneous with that of the principal clause. However, the two actions are not always identical in cha­racter. One can be an action in progress (i.e. a long action) while the other may be an event (i.e. a short action) which 'interrupts' the activity going on at the given past moment.

We were going down in the lift when it suddenly stopped.

* Similar to the meaning of 'now' in the Present Continuous tense, the definite moment in the past may actually mean both at and around a particular moment in the past. The meaning of the Past Continuous in the latter case is that of a temporary past activity contrasted to a permanent past activity expressed by the Past Simple Tense.

// happened while I was living in Bristol. They lived in London all their life.

There can be situations with two parallel past actions in progress, which are both expressed by the Past Continuous or by the Past Simple tenses, or there may be a combination of the Past Continuous and the Past Simple. The two simulta­neous actions in progress are normally linked by 'while'.

Jane was cooking while I was laying the table. While we were packing (packed) the suitcases, Bill was talking (talked) to the travel agent.

Note that when the two actions are not simultaneous, i.e.

when one action happened after the other, the Past Simple

is used for both the verbs.

When Brenda arrived I was telephoning Jim. (She arrived during my telephone call.) Wlien Brenda arrived I telephoned Jim. (I telepho­ned after her arrival.)

2. A past action of unusual frequency to convey a feeling of annoyance or irritation with adverbials of frequency like always, constantly (compare with a similar use of the Present Continuous).

When he studied at school he was always making trouble.

3. Present time actions in progress in reported speech after the reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, wonder, etc in the Past Simple (according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses).

Compare the use of the Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

1. It was a cold winter night. It was snowing hard and I wanted to get back home quickly.

2. Jack fell off the ladder when he was painting the ceiling.

3. Yesterday evening we waited for him in the office for nearly an hour. We gave up in the end and went home.

4. What were you doing on the corner last night around 9 o'clock? - I was waiting for a bus to go down town.

5. When I opened the envelope I was delighted to see a pic­ture of my friend's family.

6.1 dropped my bag when I was running for a bus. 7. Peter was wearing a white shirt and grey trousers when I saw him.

PRACTICE

1. Choose between the Past Simple and Past Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

Thomas Edison started/was starting work on the railway when he was twelve, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing for him to do so he built/ was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he didn't sell/ wasn 't selling things to passengers. Another thing that he occupied/was occupying himself with was reading. Rejoined a library and read/was reading every single book in it. One day, when he waited/was waiting at a station he noticed/was noticing a small boy who played/was playing by the track, unaware that a train approached/was approaching. Edison ran/was running out and grabbed/was grabbing the child just in time. The child's father was so grateful that he offered/ was offering to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he had/was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he had/was having time. At twenty-one he left/ was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time to be an inventor. He went/was going to invent the electric light bulb, the photograph and the movie camera.

2. Choose the suitable adverb.

1. Everyone was talking but stopped (then/the moment) Mr Smith entered the room.

2. I lived in Glasgow (until/by the time) I was fourteen.

3. (While/Once) I was chewing a piece of meat, my tooth fell out.

4. James always let me know (at the time/whenever) he was going to be late.

5. Now, Mr Star, what were you doing (between/by) ten and ten thirty last night?

6. It wasn't (until/up to) last year that they could afford to buy a car.

7. I was sitting at my report (by 5p.m./at 5p.m.).

8. (When/While) I got to the cinema Jack was waiting for me.

9. He was drinking quite a lot (these days/those days). 10. (When/During) I was shopping I met Max, my sister's

boy-friend.

3. Open the brackets putting the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous tense-forms.

1. When the door-bell (ring) he (stand) up and (go) to the door.

2. It (rain) hard this morning when I (wake up).

3. While I (have) breakfast this morning, my sister (phone) from Mexico.

4. When I (see) his face, I (realize) my mistake.

5. I (take) my umbrella because it (rain).

6. Yesterday morning he (wake up) late and (miss) his breakfast.

7. When he (work) in the garden he (hurt) his knee.

8. Linda (wait) for the bus when I (see) her.

9. I (look) out of the window and (see) that it (snow) hard. 10. When the parents (come) from the theatre yesterday

evening, the children (sleep). \ 1. When the guests (arrive) Mrs Black still (cook) dinner.

12. Tom (not/want) to lend us the money at first but then he (agree).

13. The illness (get) worse and worse. In the end he (go) into hospital for an operation.

14. I (walk) along the road yesterday when I (meet) an old friend. She (go) to the post-office.

15. We (see) an accident when we (wait) for the bus.

16. Where you (go) at this time yesterday?

17. I (go) to sleep at 3 o'clock this morning and (wake) up an hour later at 4 o'clock.

18. He (give) up his job as a journalist and (become) a teacher.

19. While we (be) on holiday, we (spend) most of our time swimming and sailing.

20. When my car (break) down 1 (phone) a garage.

21. When I (shave) I (cut) myself.

22. Ann (show) me a photograph and then (go) to the kitchen for some drinks.

23. Sally (lie) in bed when her mother (enter) the room.

24. This (use) to be a station and all the London trains (stop) here. But two years ago they (close) the station and (give) us a bus service instead.

25. I (go) to Jack's house but (not/find) him in. His mother (say) that she (not/know) what he (do) but (think) he probably (play) football.

26. We (cycle) along the road when we (see) a huge lorry.

27. «What you (do) between 9.00 and 10.00 yesterday?» (ask) the detective. - «I (clean) my house», said Mrs Jones. «I always clean my house on Saturday mornings.»

28. Although he (agree) with me on most points, there (remain) one on which he was unwilling to yield.

29. We (arrive) as they (leave).

30. She (weep) bitterly while she (tell) her story.

31. As Mary (get) out of the boat her foot (slip) and she (fall) into the water.

32. While I (wait) for the bus I (notice) a group of tourists who (listen) intently to a guide.

33. I (try) to explain the situation to my parents, but they just (not/understand) what I (talk) about.

34. She (injure) her ankle while she (jog) in the park. 35.1 (feel) rather worried. It (get) darker and colder, but there

(be) still no sign of the rescue helicopter.

36. How often you (visit) your cousins when you (he) in the States last year?

37. John's children (use) to be well-behaved but now they are quite naughty.

38. While I (row) across the lake I (lose) one oar.

39. At school I (dislike) the maths teacher because he always (pick) on me.

40. Nobody (watch), so the little boy (take) a packet of sweets from the shelf and (put) it in his pocket.

41. The plane (crash) into a bridge because it (fly) too low.

42. While I (try) to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the driver (offer) to help me.

43. Last fall I (drive) along a free way when I (run) out of gas. Luckily a truck (stop) and (give) me a lift.

44. When they (walk) through the countryside one day they (come) across a ruined mansion.

45. While we (clean) the attic, we (come) across our grand­mother's old school books.

46. The driver (fall) asleep as he (drive) along.

47. I (not/understand) what (goon). Several people (shout) at me and one (wave) a newspaper in front of my face.

48. The article (say) that crime (grow) at a rapid rate, especially in urban areas.

49. At six o'clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the alarm (go) off.

50. Laura (not/wear) her glasses at that time, so she (not/ notice) what kind of car the man (drive).

51. We (not/go) to the skating rink, because it (freeze) hard.

52. While I (have) a shower someone (knock) at the door.

53. She said she (get) more forgetful as she (grow) older.

54. The only thing I disliked about him when we (study) at college was that he always (borrow) my things without asking.

55. While we (get) on the train, we (see) a robbery take place.'

56. While the boys (skate) they (slip) on the thin ice and (fall) into the water.

57. The sun (shine) so brightly that Maria (have) to put on her sunglasses.

58. Bobby always (make) up excuses for being late when he studied at school.

1.3. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE-FORMS

FORMATION

The Present Perfect tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has and the Past Participle of the main verb.

Table 6

Contractions:

've = have

's = has

haven't = have not hasn't = has not

USAGE

The Present Perfect tense denotes:

1. Completed past actions connected in their result with the present either because of the actual evidence of the result or its importance for the present. The recent comp­letion of an action is often expressed by the adverbials 'recently, lately, already''in affirmative sentences and the adverbial 'yet'in questions and negatives.

I've recently (lately) spoken to him on the phone. I'm afraid I've forgotten my key. Do you want some more coffee? - No, thanks, I've already had enough.

Has your younger brother left school yet? Slie hasn 't found the dog yet.

To show that something has happened very recently the adverbial just is used.

Mary has just gone out.

Just now, however, which means 'a moment ago' is used with the Past Simple.

Mary went out just now.

There can be no adverbial in the sentence when the present evidence of the result of a completed past action is clear from the context.

My mother is angry because I've lost my watch.

The importance of a completed past action for the present stands out clearly in complex sentences with superlative constructions, ordinal numerals or 'the only'in the principal clause.

It's the best salad I have eaten in this restaurant.

It's the second time I have seen this film.

This is the only place he's been to.

This is the first time I've felt really relaxed.

The Present Perfect for completed past actions is often used with today, this morning, this week, this year, etc. when these periods are not over.

/ have written three letters this morning, (when it is still 'this morning')

It must be remembered that the Present Perfect is not used with 'definite past time' adverbials like yesterday, last time, a year ago, the other day, etc. These adverbials are used with the Past Simple which emphasizes the time of the event. Compare, e.g.:

Deborah has ironed your shirt, (emphasis on the

result)

Deborah ironed your shirt yesterday morning.

(emphasis on the time of the action)

2. Incomplete actions that started in the past, lasted over a period of time and are still taking place in the pre­sent. The Present Perfect in this meaning is typical of verbs not used in the continuous aspect but is not limited to them. The starting point of the action is expressed by an adverbial with 'since' while an adverbial with 'for' is used to denote a period of time. (Compare the use of similar adverbials with 'for' with the Past Simple). Such adverbs as ever, never, lately, recently, always, often, all my life, so far, etc. are also often used with the Present Perfect to denote incomplete past actions.

They have been married for 20 years.

I've lived here since 1992.

Have you ever ridden a helicopter?

I have never tasted papaya.

She's been here several times before.

Compare the use of the Past Simple and the Present Perfect tense-forms.

1. Ann bought herself a new dress yesterday. She paid 30 pounds for it.

2. Have a look. I've just bought a lovely pair of shoes.

3. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium and in 1903 won the Nobel Prize.

4. The police haven't found the boy yet. He disappeared 3 days ago.

5. How many times have you been in love? When did you fall in love first?

6. Ron hasn't studied much this term.

7. When did they get married? - Last year. So they have been married for about a year.

8. Chemistry has never been my favourite subject. I liked Maths when I studied at school.

9. Sam hasn't drunk alcohol since he got into a car accident.

10. I bought everything I needed and went straight home.

11. I have bought a new car. - But where's the car you bought last year?

12. That's where I used to live in my childhood.

13. Where is your key? - / don't know. I'm afraid I've lost it. - But when did you see it last?

14. Peter was meeting someone that night so I stayed at the office and worked Jor a few extra hours.

PRACTICE

1. Choose between the Present Perfect and the Past Simple tense-forms.

1. Hello, Mr... er ... Mr - I'm sorry, \ forgot/have forgotten your name.

2. News just came in/has just come in of an earthquake in Southern Mangrovia. According to the first reports the quake struck/has struck just after midnight last night.

3. Alice bought/has bought a new car. - Really? Where did she get/has she got the money?

4. I have often wondered/often wondered what he does for a living.

5. He was/has been ill before Christmas, but he has been/ was fine since then.

6. Things have been/were difficult since Sharon has lost/ lost her job.

7. Paul was/has been keen on music since childhood.

8. Did you two meet/Have you two met before? David, this is Ann.

9. Did you see/Have you seen Jane by any chance? There's a letter for her.

10. This is the only occasion that I have seen/saw him wearing a tie.

2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.

1. I can't remember when/how long I have had this CD player.

2. Have you eaten asparagus before/already!

3. Did you live here in/since 1995?

4. I always got up at six lately/in those days.

5. She fell asleep an hour ago/for an hour.

6. I haven't paid for my ticket still/yet.

7. We've known each other since/for many years.

8. They haven't seen Carol since/for last year.

9. Actually I had dinner with Paul last night/lately.

10. Tire other clay/Lately Nick received a parcel from home.

11. Have you spoken to the manager still/yet?

12. I've seen Margaret quite often lately/from time to time.

13. Ruth bought a portable computer since then/last year.

14. Sorry, but I haven't finished that work already/yet.

15. The price of petrol has risen considerably last time/over the past year.

3. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple tense-forms.

1. I (shout) at them and they (run) away.

2. What's the best film you ever (see)!

3. Simon is not at home. He (go) to a football match.

4. It was such a wonderful performance that we (applaud) for fifteen minutes.

5. Why do you look so sad? Anything (happen)!

6. Jaime lives in Venezuela; he never (see) snow.

7. I (not/wake) at 7 o'clock yesterday, because my mother (not/be) at home.

8. Anyone (see) my dictionary? I can't find it.

9. A lot of rain (fall) last week.

10. When I (get) home late yesterday evening my dad (be)

very angry.

11. I (know) Helen for 10 years. We (study) at university together. She was one of the best students.

12. Alexander Fleming (invent) penicillin in 1928.

13. The house they (buy) looks much larger than ours.

14. I (order) a taxi to take me to the airport. So we'll be on time.

15. You (cut) your finger! How it (happen)!

16. Peter (not/eat) all the bread and butter, he (leave) some on the plate.

17. He (be) interested in jazz ever since he (leave) school.

18. We (have) a lovely time in Wales. - So you (enjoy) your holiday, didn't you?

19. I (use) to like swimming but I don't now.

20. I never (see) so many beautiful girls as here at the party.

21. My elder brother (have) a car for two years already. He (buy) it in France.

22. Jane (recover) yet? - No, she is still in hospital.

23. My watch (stop). I must take it to the watchmaker's.

24. Shakespeare (be) born in 1564 and (die) in 1616.

25. I'm sorry I can't accept your invitation. We already (make) our plans for the holiday.

26. I (begin) to teach Max to ride a bike last year.

27. We (run) out of sugar. Can you go and get some from the shop?

28. My brother is an actor. He already (appear) in several films.

29. What your father (give) you for your last birthday?

30. You (see) Tom? - Yes, I (to talk) with him an hour ago.

31. Are you the boy whose dog (make) a terrible noise at night? - I'm sorry, but you are mistaken, sir. I never (own) a dog.

32. What (happen) there? - The dog (bite) the boy when he entered the garden.

33. You (know) each other before? - Yes. We first (meet) 3 years ago.

34. He (take) off his pullover, (lie) down on the sofa and (start) to read a magazine.

35. 1 don't keep pets now but I (use) to keep a dog when I

(be) a boy.

36. I (iron) Jim's shirts this morning and in the afternoon I

(do) the shopping.

37. Why are you limping? -1 (twist) my ankle.

38. The plane (take) off from London at 9.00 and (land) in Geneva at 10.30.

39. Joanna (not change); she is the same as ever.

40. When I (.switch) on the dishwasher, the machine (make) a loud noise.

41. People always (want) to be able to fly like birds in the sky.

42. I once (play) a guitar which (have) only five strings.

43. I never (teach) a class where the students are so lazy.

44. I (lose) a button. I don't suppose I'll ever find it.

45. The slower you eat the more you will think you (eat).

46. You (be) already late for classes twice this week, Nick.

47. What a surprise! You're the very person I (want) to see

so much.

48. They say the police already (catch) both of the thieves.

49. When we (be) kids, we (love) the beach very much, so we (use) to spend all our holidays at the sea.

50. You (make up) your minds yet? What you (decide) to do?

51. She (slip) her arm under his and (give) him a nudge.

52. Thanks a lot. It (be) a wonderful holiday. We (have) great fun.

53. Since when you (lose) sight of him?

54. Anyone (leave) a note for me?

55. The employment office (call) me twice since I (move) to

Los Angeles.

56. When we (live) in the north the water pipes (use) to freeze every winter and we (have) to call in a plumber.

57. People (use) to come at the weekends, but during the week I (be) alone in that huge house.

58. You (work) as a mechanic before? - Yes, I (use) to change flat tires.

59. We (see) him at the summer course in London.

60. All the shirts you (send) your father (fit) him perfectly so far.

61 Although I (study) French for years I have difficulties in speaking the language.

62. John whose grades are the highest in the school (receive) a scholarship.

63. Yesterday we (have) supper with the neighbours of ours.

64. Some years ago I (come) across this photo in an old magazine.

65. We (not/give) him a thing to eat since he (arrive).

66. Jerry (fail) his exams. He'll have to take them again.

67. It's ages since I last (see) a decent comedy film on television.

68. We understood that it (be) just a slip of the tongue.

69. The police (find) the bomb yet?

70. When I (go) to book a ticket to Athens, I (find) that the flight (be) full.

71. I'm not disappointed with today's result. After all we (win) ten matches already this season.

72. I never (do) anything like it before. We'll have to start from scratch.

73. My computer (break down) again. It's time for me to buy a new word processor.

74. I can't afford a holiday abroad until I (pay back) all my debts.

75. They always (bring) flowers when they came to visit me.

76. The butcher (cut) some steak, (wrap) it up and (hand) it to me.

77. Since the baby (be) born, they (have) a lot of sleepless nights.

78. I'm sorry for her. She (has) bad luck all her life.

79. Jack (climb) quite a number of mountains but he never (be) to Everest.

80. You (see) my gloves, by any chance?

81. He (give up) smoking yet? When he (do) it?

82. What's up? You (hurt) your ankle? How you (do) it?

1.4. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(PROGRESSIVE) AND THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE-FORMS

FORMATION

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has been and the Present Participle of the main verb.

Table 7

USAGE

The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) tense is used to denote a) an action which started in the past and has been in progress up to the present and including the present or b) a past action of certain duration completed by the present moment and having visible results or effects in the present.

Depending on whether the activity a) is still continuing at the moment of speech or b) has been completed by this time

the inclusive and exclusive meanings of the given tense-form are distinguished.

He's been repairing his car for an hour already. (he is still doing it)

It has been raining since morning, (and it is still raining now)

Your jacket is torn again! You ve been fighting. (but not fighting at the moment of speech)

To denote the period of time or the starting point of the action adverbials with 'for'and 'since'are normally used with these tense-forms.

The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) tense is similar ю the Present Perfect Simple in showing connection between the past and present. But the Present Perfect Continuous tense is used for more temporary actions and situations and emphasizes the duration of the activity. The Present Perfect Simple is used for more permanent situations and expresses an idea of the completion of an action emphasizing the result of the action for the present.

His parents have lived in London all their lives. I've been living in Sally's flat for the last month.

Note the difference between the Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect tenses from the point of view of Russian-English and English-Russian translation.

Compare the use of the Present Perfect Continuous, the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Continuous tense-forms.

1. Someone has been eating my chocolates. There are onlysix left.

2. Someone has eaten all my chocolates. Пе box is empty.

3. Have you decided where to go? - Not yet. We have been thinking about it for the whole week.

4. Why are you crying? What's wrong? Has anyone been rude to you?

5. I remember meeting your brother last summer, but I haven't seen him this year. What has he been doing

since then?

6. Have you done your homework yet, Liz? - No, I'm still doing it. I've been busy since morning.

1. Have you had a good evening? - Well, I've been watching this film on television but it's rubbish, so I think I'll turn it off now.

8. Oh, David, I've been looking for you!

9. Your mother sends her love. I've just been speaking to her on the phone.

PRACTICE

1. Choose the appropriate tense-form.

1. A. - What have you done/have you been doing with my knife? Where is it?

B. - I've put it back in your drawer.

A. - (taking it out) What have you done/have you been doing with it? The blade's all twisted! Have you been using/have you used it to open tins?

2. A. - Do you see those people on that little sandy island? They have been waving/have waved their handker­chiefs for the last half-hour. I wonder why.

B. - They need help. The tide is coming in and very soon that island will be under water. Have you sat/have you been sitting calmly without doing anything to help them?

A. - I have never been/have never been being here before I haven't been hearing/haven't heard about the tides

here. What's up? What are you looking for/have you been looking for? Have you lost/have you been losing

something?

3. A. - Are you still painting/have you been still painting your country house?

B. - Yes. I'm painting/I've been painting it for several days already. I think it'll look beautiful when it's finished.

2. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect

Continuous/ Present Perfect/Present Simple/Present Continuous tense-forms.

1. How long he (live) in Manchester? - All his life. He was born there.

2. Mr Woods (not/feel) well for over a month.

3. Look. Can you see Simon over there? - He (sit) in the corner. - Yes. He (wait) for Jack. He (sit) here since two

o'clock.

4. They (be) in London now. They (live) there for the last six months.

5. I (learn) Spanish since last year.

6. How many driving lessons you (have) lately?

7. They (repair) the road all this week, but they (not/finish) it yet.

8. Where you (be)!1 (wait) for you for over an hour.

9. I (type) this report since yesterday and I'm only halfway through.

10. Your mum is still in the kitchen. She (cook) all the morning. - Yes. We (expect) guests tonight.

11. You are out of breath. You (run)!

12. It (rain) since yesterday evening. I wonder when it'll stop.

13. I (die) of thirst. Is there a water-fountain near here?

14. My daughter (study) English at London University. She (be) there for two years already.

15. Don't rush me. I (work) as fast as I can.

16. I (read) some of your poetry. It's not bad.

17. Sorry about the mess. I (paint) the house. I already (paint) the front.

18. You won't believe it, but I (wait) two months for my phone to be repaired.

19. Oh look, the sky (get) darker and darker. I think it's going to rain.

20. You look tired. - Yes, I (work) non-stop all day.

21 Since when he (learn) Chinese? - Since he got to uni­versity.

22. We (build) this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the next two months.

23. We (not/finish) cleaning the machines yet. We need some more time to do it.

24. You look tired. I think you (work) hard lately and you (not/get) enough fresh air and exercise.

25. It's the most beautiful house I ever (see).

26. Oh, you (have) a shave! You look strange without a beard.

27. I (borrow) books from this library since we moved here.

28. It (rain) steadily for three days on end now.

29. I (not/see) you for ages. What you (do)!

30. She (be) on the phone for half an hour now. Who she (talk) to?

31. He (collect) stamps ever since he was a small boy.

32. He never (believe) in the importance of women's education.

33. I (study) hard of late. I've got exams next week.

34. It (get) harder and harder to find time.

35. Jimmy always (have) cold and chest problems.

36. You're very late. - I (talk) to Henry and he just goes on and on.

37. It is the first time he (clean) his own boots.

38. Why are my books all over the floor? - Helen (look) at them.

39. Older people (become) more isolated now.

40. I know that since January he (be) in charge of the marketing division.

41. Katia says she (be) very tired recently. She (work) almost sixty hours a week

Date: 2015-02-28; view: 1315