BACTERIAL GROWTH

Generation Time

Bacterial growth is synonymous with bacterial cell reproduction. Growing bacterial cells increase in biomass through their metabolism in which they convert compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements into the components of the cell. Most then divide into progeny of equal biomass through binary fission. By its very nature, bacterial reproduction by binary fission results in doubling of the

number of viable bacterial cells. Therefore, during a tive bacterial growth, the size of the microbial populi tion is continuously doubling. Once cell division h gins, it proceeds exponentially as long as growth coi ditions permit. One cell divides to form two, each ( these cells divides so that four cells form, and so fort in a geometric progression. The time required tachieve a doubling of the population size, known a the generation timeor doubling time,is the unit с measure of microbial growth rate (FIG. 10-3).

_____ METHODOLOGY

Logarithms

To conveniently represent large numbers, particularly when the numbers may range over many orders of magnitude (multiples of 10)—as is the case for numbers of bacterial cells that may occur as a few or millions of cells—scientists use a mathematical transformation called the logarithmic transformation. The logarithm to the base 10 (log₁₀) of a number is the exponent indicat­ing the power of 10 to which a number must be raised to produce a given number. Thus the log₁₀10 = 1 be­cause the exponent to which 10 must be raised to equal 10 is 1 (10¹). Similarly the log₁₀100 = 2 because 10² = 100, and thus the exponent of 10 needed to equal 100 = 2. In a similar fashion the log₁₀l,000 = 3, log₁₀10,000 = 4, log₁₀100,000 = 5, log₁₀l,000,000 = 6, and so forth. Ob­viously in plotting the growth of a bacterial cell over the range of generations that takes 1 cell (log₁₀l = 0) to 1 billion cells (log₁₀l,000,000,000 = 9), it is far easier to

plot the logarithm of the cell number using a scale of 0 to 9 than it would be to try to plot the cell numbers on an arithmetic scale of 1 to 1,000,000,000 (see Figure).

Comparison of arithmetic number of cells and logarithmic in- j crease in numbers during bacterial growth.

BACTERIAL GROWTH 289

FIG. 10-3 A, During exponential growth the number of cells doubles each generation time. B, A graph of the log number of bacteria versus time (right) compared with number of bacteria versus time (left).

Date: 2015-02-28; view: 2346