Home Random Page


CATEGORIES:

BiologyChemistryConstructionCultureEcologyEconomyElectronicsFinanceGeographyHistoryInformaticsLawMathematicsMechanicsMedicineOtherPedagogyPhilosophyPhysicsPolicyPsychologySociologySportTourism






Terms to be understood - definitions

. phonetics the scientific study of speech sounds and how they are produced (phonology the study of the system or pattern of speech sounds used in a particular language in general)

2. speech a. SPEAKING ABILITY the ability to speak (often used before a noun) b. COMMUNICATION BY SPEAKING the act of communicating of speaking c. UTTERANCES things that are said ° recordings of human speech d. SPOKEN LANGUAGE spoken language, especially as distinct from the written language ° effective communication in both speech and writing e. ADDRESS a talk given to an audience f. PARTICULAR WAY OF SPEAKING a particular way of speaking or using language, especially that of a person or group

3. articulatory setting Articulatory setting refers to the overall way in which the speech organs (i.e. lips, tongue, mouth and throat muscles, velum, larynx) are held throughout the speech process.

4. sound ling BASIC ELEMENT OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE a basic elemnt of speech formed by the vocal tract and interpeted through the ear, or a combination of such sounds

phoneme a speech sound that distinguishes one word from another, e.g. the sounds ‘d’ and ‘t’ in the words ‘bid’ and ‘bit’. A phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit that can carry meaning.

5. redundancy The use of words or data that could be omitted without loss of meaning or function; repetition or superfluity of information. In linguistics, redundancy is the construction of a phrase that presents some idea using more information, often via multiple means, than is necessary for one to be able understand the idea.

6. vowel a speech sound produced by the passage of air through the vocal tract, with relatively little obstruction

consonant SPEECH SOUND OTHER THAN VOWEL a speech sound produced by partly or totally blocking the path of air through the mouth

7. monophtong a vowel sound that keeps the same quality for the whole syllable

diphtong a complex vowel sound in which the first vowel gradually moves towards a second vowel so that both vowels form one syllable, e.g. ‘a’ and ‘i’ in ‘rail’

thriphtong a. a vowel sound composed of three vowels forming a single syllable b. ling same as trigraph – a group of three successive letters, especially one representing a single sound such as ‘igh’ in ‘might’

8. fortis describes a consonant that is produced with great muscular tension and pressure of breath, e.g. ‘p’ or ‘t’

lenis describes a consonant produced using little breath and muscle power

9. voiceless PRONOUNCED WITHOUT VIBRATION OF VOCAL CORDS describes a consonant or vowel pronounced without passing air across the vocal cords and creating audible vibrations, as is the ‘s’ sound in the word ‘hiss’

voiced describes a consonant or vowel pronounced by passing air across the vocal cords to create audible vibrations, as is the ‘s’ sound in the word ‘his’

10. bilabial describes a consonant pronounced by bringing botj lips into contact with each other or by rounding them. In English, the bilabial consonants are ‘b’, ‘p’, ‘m’, and ‘w’



labiodental pronounced with the upper teeth resting on the inside of the lower lip, as in the sounds ‘f’ and ‘v’

dental MABE BY TONGUE AND TEETH describes a consonant that is fromed by placing the tongue against the back of the top front teeth

11. alveolar voiceless fricative A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound.

alveolar – WITH TONGUE NEAR UPPER TEETH RIDGE describes a consonant that is sounded with the tongue touching or close to the ridge behind the teeth of the upper jaw; n an alveolar consonant, e.g. ‘t’, ‘d’ or ‘s’ in English

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue

http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/phono.htm

Voiceless Dental Fricative = "th" as in "think"
Voiceless Labiodental Fricative = "f" as in "false"

12. alveolar voiced fricative The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds.
Voiced Alveolar Plosive = "d" as in "dental"
Voiced Dental Fricative = "th" as in "that"

13. labionasal pronounced with the lips closed and the air being pushed through the nose, as in the sound ‘m’

labioalveolar pertaining to the lip and dental alveoli; pertaining to the labial side of a dental alveolus

14. vila nasal

The velar nasal is the sound of ng in English sing. It is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

15-16. the narrow phonetic transciption and the broad phonetic transciption

Broad transcription indicates only the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum. One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all, but a representation of phonemic structure.

The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to get exactly the right sound, and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all speakers of a language. Most Americans and Australians would pronounce the /t/ of little as a tap [ɾ]. Many people in England would say /t/ as [ʔ] (a glottal stop) and/or the second /l/ as [w]. A further disadvantage in less technical contexts is that narrow transcription involves a larger number of symbols which may be unfamiliar to non-specialists.

The advantage of the broad transcription is that it allows statements to be made which apply right across a relatively diverse language community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign language dictionaries, which may discuss allophones in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. A rule of thumb in many linguistics contexts is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is necessary for the point being made, but a broad transcription whenever possible.

17. respelling Verb: spell (a word) again or differently, esp. phonetically in order to indicate its pronunciation. Pronunciation spellings may be used informally to indicate the pronunciation of foreign words or those whose spelling is irregular or not sufficient to deduce the pronunciation. This is called respelling.

A pronunciation spelling is an ad hoc spelling of a word that has no standard spelling. Most are nonce coinages, but some have become standardised, e.g. gonna to represent the pronunciation of going to, as in I'm gonna catch you. A pronunciation respelling is a regular phonetic respelling of a word that does have a standard spelling, so as to indicate the pronunciation. Pronunciation respellings are sometimes seen in dictionaries.

18. transliteration A transcription from one alphabet to another. transliterate – to represent letters or words written in one alphabet using the corresponding letters of another

19. notation a series or system of written symbols used to represent numbers, amounts, or elements in something such as music or mathematics; a note or annotation

20. connected speech, or connected discourse, in linguistics, is a continuous sequence of sounds forming utterances or conversations in spoken language. Analysis of connected speech shows sounds changes affecting linguistic units traditionally described as phrases, words, lexemes,morphemes, syllables, phonemes or phones.[1] The words that are modified by those rules will sound differently in connected speech than in citation form (canonical form or isolation form).

21. reduction The action or fact of making a specified thing smaller or less in amount, degree, or size: "a reduction in the number of casualties".

Linguistic reductions in the English language are lost sounds in words. This happens in spoken English. For instance, "going to" changes to "gonna". The most widely known reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of 'not'. For instance, "cannot" becomes "can't". Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb. For instance, "He is..." becomes "He's..."

Some reductions are well known to language learners; for instance the reduction of a verb and "to". Examples are "going to" becoming "gonna" and "want to" becoming "wanna". These reductions are part of natural English. They cannot be considered slang, or improper.

There are several basic categories of reductions:

§ ellisions

§ word stress

§ function words

§ contractions

 

22. In linguistics, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within a word or between words. In rapid speech, for example, "handbag" is often pronounced [ˈhambag].

23. In phonetics and historical linguistics, fusion, or coalescence, is the merging of two or more phonological segments into one.

24. elision the omission of one or more sounds in a word, which makes the word easier to be pronounced. Not all elided words are contractions and not all contractions are elided words (for example, 'going to' -> gonna: an elision that is not a contraction; 'can not' cannot: a contraction that is not an elision).

Elision is the loss of a phoneme, most commonly the last phoneme of a word, and most commonly the /t/ and /d/ sounds. Have a look at these examples:

· left back

· stand by

· looked back

· I must go

In each case the last phoneme of the first word is elided (lost). In the most simple terms, the reason is that the time and effort required to change the mouth position from the/t/ to the /b/ sound (as in the first example) or the /t/ to the /g/ sound (as in the last example) is too great!

 

25. delayed plosion Our “red dye” and “red eye” is an example of this. To articulate “red dye”, we must take a very short pause before the /d/ sound. The /d/ is an example of a plosive, consonant sounds where the vocal tract stops all airflow. Other examples are /b/,/d/, /g/, /p/, /t/ and /k/. This pause before the plosive gives us the name of this feature, delayed plosion. Another example: the right tie (delay) – the right eye (no delay).

nasal plosion – In English a plosive (p, t, k, b, d, g) has nasal plosion when it’s followed by nasal, inside a word or across word boundary

lateral plosion Release of a stop consonant at the side of the tongue. (Also called lateral release).

When English /t/ or /d/ is followed by /l/, as in cattle, muddle, the alveolar stop can be released laterally instead of the usual way; that is, you can say these words without moving the tongue away from the /t/ or /d/ position. This is known as lateral plosion.

26. vowel linkage

When one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, we link the words with a sort of W or Y sound.

If our lips are round at the end of the first word, we insert a W sound:

oo | o
We write it like this: too often who is so I do all
We say it like this: tooWoften whoWis soWI doWall
 

If our lips are wide at the end of the first word, we insert a Y sound:

oo | --
We write it like this: Kay is I am the end she asked
We say it like this: KayYis IYam theYend sheYasked
 

When we say a sentence in English, we join or "link" words to each other. Because of this linking, the words in a sentence do not always sound the same as when we say them individually. Linking is very important in English. If you recognize and use linking, two things will happen:

a. you will understand other people more easily

b. other people will understand you more easily

27. the linking “R” a letter r in word-final position that is normally pronounced before a following vowel but is silent before a following consonant (as in far, far away).

http://davidbrett.uniss.it/phonology/rLinking/rLinking.html

28. juncture BREAK BETWEEN WORDS the break between one spoken word and another, or the pronunciation features that help a listenet to recognize the break, istinguishing between groups of words such as ‘grey day’ and ‘grade A’

29. simplification of consonant clusters In phonology and historical linguistics, cluster reduction is the simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments or over time. In some dialects of English such as AAVE certain historical consonant clusters reduce to single consonants at the ends of words: friend rhymes with Ben, and cold is homophonous with coal. In both cases, a historical cluster of homorganic consonants loses a stop: /ˈfrɛn/, /ˈkoʊl/ However, in colder, where the consonant cluster falls between vowels, the /d/ remains: /ˈkoʊldɚ/. The similar word-final reduction of */mb/ to /m/ and */ŋɡ/ to /ŋ/ is complete in standard English (e.g. lamb, long), as it is in many other Germanic languages (e.g. Swedish lamm, lång).

Italian is well known to have undergone cluster reduction, where stop clusters have become geminates. For example, Victoria has become Vittoria. In other words, articulation but not length has reduced. A similar occurrence is observed in Portuguese as well, but gemination is absent. Cluster reduction also takes place in Catalan, and in a similar way as it happens in English. Certain consonant clusters placed at the end of a word are reduced: cent /sen/ instead of /sent/, although they recover the reduced consonant when the cluster falls between vowels: centenar /səntəˈna/. This phenomenon does not exist in Valencian, though: cent /sent/ and centenar /senteˈnaɾ/.


Date: 2015-02-16; view: 1162


<== previous page | next page ==>
 | Strong forms/weak forms
doclecture.net - lectures - 2014-2024 year. Copyright infringement or personal data (0.012 sec.)