Lesson 1

1) What careers can studying medicine lead to?

2) What do medical schools teach?

3) What parts is the course structure traditionally divided into?

4) What does the pre-clinical part of medical education include?

5) What does the clinical part of medical education include?

6) What do medical students do during their course of studies?

7) How many terms is each academic year divided into?

7. Find the equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Лікування внутрішніх хвороб, клінічний курс, теоретичне навчання, структура та довжина курсу, спеціалісти - консультанти у галузі психіатрії, відвідувати лекції, мати практичні заняття з різних дисциплін, здобувати глибокі знання з анатомії, випускники медичних учбових закладів, наприкінці кожного семестру, виконувати лабораторні роботи, відвідувати анатомічний театр.

8. Form the names of medical specialists from the names of fields of medicine with the help of suffix -ist.

For example: pharmacology – pharmacologist

Psychiatry, dermatology, physiology, neurology, immunology, gynecology, anesthesiology, pathology, traumatology, neurology, ophthalmology, oncology, urology, endocrinology, venereology.

Pay attention how the names of these medical specialists are formed:

obstetrics - obstetrician

paediatrics - paediatrician

surgery – surgeon

9. Fill in the gaps with active vocabulary:

a) Each … is usually divided into two …

b) A medical university is a post –secondary …

c) During their course of studies medical students … and have practical classes in different subjects.

d) Medical students typically … in both basic science and practical clinical coursework during their …in medical school.

e) Students perform different laboratory works and attend dissecting room… of Anatomy.

f) The clinical part of the course includes learning …, …, and… .

10. Give definitions of all the medical specialists from Exercise 6 using the model:

Model: A paediatrician is a medical practitioner who specializes in paediatrics.

Grammar Exercises:

1. Fill in the gaps with the proper form of the verb “to be”:

a) Ann …in class 10 minutes ago.

b) We …in class now.

c) They … at home tonight.

d) John …(not) in Odessa next summer.

e) Her parents …(not) at home last night.

f) Our classes…(not) boring.

g) … he at work now?

h) Where … they at 4p.m.?

i) Who … here tomorrow?

j) When … you busy?

k) How old …her father at that time?

l) Where … your friends now?

m) Who …in London 5 years ago?

2. Catherine Bennet is a 4^th year medical student at Aberdeen University. She is studying to become a physician. Her father, Mr. Bennet is a surgeon at a regional hospital. Catherine’s brother Oliver is 15, he is still at school, but he wants to become a surgeon like his father.

2.1) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of Present, Past or Future Simple.

a) Oliver …(study) medicine after he graduates from school.

b) Mr. Bennet …(treat) his patients with great care.

c) Catherine … (like) Chemistry and Biology when she was at school.

d) Oliver …(not want) to become a physician.

e) Catherine …(not study) in 5 years’ time.

f) Mr. Bennet …(not live) at home with his parents when he was a student.

2.2) Complete the questions with suitable auxiliary verbs and answer them:

a) … Mr. Bennet study medicine next year? - ………………………..

b) … Catherine want to become a surgeon like her father? - ………………………

c) … Oliver go to school last year? - ………………………………

d) Where … Oliver’s sister study? - ………………………………….

e) What … Catherine do after she graduates from the university? - …………………………

f) What … Catherine’s father study at university? - …………………………………………...

3. Complete the dialogue between Catherine and her brother Oliver with the sentences from the box:

Catherine: How was your day at school Oli?

Oliver: It was Ok, thanks, Cathy___________________________________________

Catherine: Well, we didn’t really have any classes today. _______________________

Oliver: Wow! Lucky you! I wish I were already a 4^th year student at a medical school!

Catherine: Come on, Oli! _________________________________________________

Oliver: Yeah…unfortunately, and most of them are so boring and hard. _____________

Catherine: Hey, Oli, Chemistry is a very important subject for a future doctor, and you will take one of your A-levels in Chemistry, don’t you remember that?

Oliver: _________________________________ And it makes me feel even more upset.

Cathereine: Ok, don’t worry! _____________________ Let’s have something to eat now and then I’ll see if I can help you with your Chemistry.

4. Put questions to the underlined words:

a) These students have 3-4 classes every day.

b) We will study Anatomy next year too.

c) Her parents came to see her last Saturday.

d) Alison decided to study medicine because she wants to help people.

e) His sister wants to study languages.

f) Bob lived in a hostel when he was a student.

g) They had two English classes last week.

h) Mary will meet her friends at the weekend.

5. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions:

a) They will have classes … different subjects during their first year at the university.

b) … the end of each term students take module controls …most subjects.

c) Thousands of young people … the world enter medical schools every year.

d) They didn’t have time to get ready … their exam.

e) Studying medicine can lead … career as a doctor.

f) Traditionally the course structure is divided …the pre-clinical and clinical parts.

6. Write a short personal statement (5-6 sentences) about your reasons for choosing medicine as a future profession.

Lesson 1

THE EARTH IS GETTING HOTTER

Global warming has officially been declared a reality. 1995 was the world's warmest year since records began in 1856.

Two and a half thousand scientists from over 100 countries concluded in December 1995 that humans are responsible for at least part of the rise in global temperatures witnessed this century. Figures from the British Meteorological Office showed that the period 1991 to 1995 was warmer than any five-year period to date, the first half of the 1990s being even hotter than the same period of the 1980s, which is the warmest decade on record.

By the year 2100, global temperatures are expected to rise by between o.8 and 3.5 degrees Celsius. That may not seem like much, but such an increase in temperature would cause a rise in sea levels large enough to put the lives of up to 100 million people at risk. (This number will rise as the global population increases.) Flooding, as well as droughts in other areas, could spark off mass migrations as areas become uninhabitable. Tropical diseases would almost certainly spread northwards, causing "adverse impacts on human health, with significant loss of life".

For the first time in the scientific community, there is total agreement that the activity of humans is at least partly responsible for the problem - specifically the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which is released by the burning of wood, coal and petroleum products. This is significant departure from the position of many scientists who previously maintained that warming could be a result of natural climatic changes.

However, not all scientists are convinced that human-influenced warming actually affects the climate. Some maintain that higher temperatures, which increase evaporation and lead to heavier rainfall, might produce more clouds, which have a cooling effect. And, oceans might absorb most of the increased heat, leaving little to change the climate.

Reducing harmful emissions is just one area in which the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is decidedly optimistic. For one thing, in the short term it might not prove that difficult. Efficiency improvements alone could cut energy needs by as much as 30 per cent at virtually no extra cost. In the longer term, harmful emissions will be reduced as the world changes over to cheaper, less environmentally damaging energy sources.

So, if it economically and technically feasible to reduce harmful emissions, why is almost nothing being done? There are two main reasons. The first stems from the uncertainty about how hot the planet is going to get. The current estimate is extremely broad - between 0.8 and 3.5 degrees Celsius by 2100. If the former prediction is accurate, it may be that we can adapt to it without difficulty. If, on the other hand, the latter is closer to reality, a complete rethink of the world's energy supplies is already long overdue.

This leads directly to the second problem - the time scale involved. It is difficult to get people to act when predictions may take between 50 and 100 years to materialize. For politicians, who face elections every half decade or so, preventative action against a future threat carries heavy political risks.

This is by no means the end of the problem. Even if politicians in the developed world were to be galvanized into action, what of the developing world, which is economically dependent on fossil fuels? Should it reduce emissions, and suffer the consequences, because of mistakes made by the developed world?

One suggestion is that developing countries be given allowances above the current emission standards. This would enable them to meet their industrialized needs and ultimately help them to finance environmentally sound technologies.

From "BBC English"

EXERCISES

I. Find in the text the Russian for:

to be responsible for smth.; the rise in global temperature; to put the lives of people at risk; carbon dioxide; for one thing; on the other hand; to cut energy needs; to change over smth.; accurate predictions; to be long over­due; to get smb. to act; fossil fuels; to meet the needs

II. Find in the text the English for:

III. Read the figures and dates. Recollect in what connection they are used:

2,500; between 50 and 100 years; 1991 to 1995 period; 2100; 0.8°; 3.5°; 1980s; 100 mln; 1990s; 30%.

IV. Arrange the pairs of synonyms:

to cause, to increase, an impact, to maintain, to affect, feasible, to stem, accurate,- to change, a prediction, a disease, to influence, to arise, an illness, to alter, a prophecy, to spark off, to affirm, an influence, to rise, possible, right.

V. Arrange the pairs of antonyms:

to reduce, warming, the former, sound, difficult, the first, a drought, to rise, an agreement, the last, cooling, the latter, harmful, to increase, a flooding, to drop, easy, a discord.

VI. Form adverbs of the following adjectives and translate them into Russian.

certain, specific, previous, decided, official, virtual, economical,

technical, extreme, ultimate.

VII. Recall the facts to make the choice:

1. 1995 was the world's coldest/warmest year since records began in 1856.

2. The increase in global temperatures is only caused by human activity/natural climate changes.

3. The temperature rise by between 0.8° and 3.5° Celsius may cause a rise/lowering in sea levels.

4. As a result of flooding and droughts tropical diseases can spread southwards/northwards.

5. Carbon monoxide/dioxide is released by the burning fossil fuels: wood, coal, petroleum products.

6. All the scientists in the world/not all scientists are convinced that human-influenced wanning actually affects the climate.

7. Efficiency improvements alone could cut energy needs by 30%/50% at virtually no extra cost.

8. The climate problem can be solved because the world changes over to more expensive/cheaper energy sources.

9. Now scientists are certain/uncertain about how hot the planet is going to get.

10. If the global temperature rises by 3.570.8° people will be able to adapt to it without difficulty.

11. It's difficult/easy to get people to act when predictions may take between 50 and 100 years to materialize.

12. The developing world is economically dependent on atomic energy/fossil fuels.

13. The allowances given to developing countries would enable them to meet their cultural/industrialized needs.

VIII. Divide the text into several logical parts and give headings to

each of them.

IX. Make up an annotation to the article.

X. Look at the pictures and study the information for further discussion during the seminar.

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1271