The epoch of Enlightenment in Kazakhstan. Ibrahim Altynsarin the great teacher of humanity.

“By the beginning of the 20 th century there were a large number of Kazakh intellectuals who had been educated in Muslim schools in the steppe where training had been limited to memorizing Koran ayats. At that time there were only several Russian and Russian Kazakh schools on Kazakhstan's territory, in which 19,370 Kazakh children were studying. Both groups believed that the improvement of the Kazakh economy was a necessary first step for any subsequent policy changes in the steppe. Many biis and tribal elders sent their children to these schools for a few years to learn Russian. Many of these graduates of the state schools (the Russian-Kazakh aul and volost schools) then went on to gymnasiums in Orenburg, Omsk, or Semipalatinsk. These individuals formed a new secular elite. Several of the individuals educated in these schools came to prominence within the steppe, and three in particular—Chokan Valikhanov (1835-1865), Ibrahim Altynsarin (Ibirai Altinsarin, 1841-1889), and Abai Kunanbaev (Abai Konanbai uli, 1845-1904)—have been elevated to the stature of national heroes. Altynsaryn, the son of a Kazakh judge, completed his secondary education in Orenburg. Altynsaryn laid the foundations of the first Kazakh secular school system, organized the first Kazakh-Russian district school in Turgai in 1867, and ultimately rose to the position of inspector of schools for the Turgai oblast. He believed that only through education could the Kazakhs assume equality with the Russians in the steppe, and he saw survival as adaptation to the realities of Russian rule. Not a devout Muslim himself, Altynsaryn believed that the Kazakhs must concentrate on secular education and the acquisition of technical skills. He was the author of the first Kazakh grammar and the first Kazakh-Russian dictionary. He too believed that Kazakh nomadism belonged to the past and that the Kazakhs should learn from the Russians how to combine agriculture and livestock breeding.

69. Kazakhstan – the new nation in the system of international relations. (membership in UNO and other organizations).

Kazakhstan appeared in world's diplomatic scene as new country with huge natural resources and great intension to fix foreign policy of multiple directions thus would consequently ensure acceptance of international guarantee of Kazakhstan's sovereignty and independance. After declaration of independance, Kazakhstan was recognized by over than 120 countries and had a good diplomatic relationship with them. On 3rd of March, 1992 Kazakhstan became a full member of United Nation's Organization and its structures. Some examples of cooperation with authoritative international structures are: European Community, International and European Bank of Development and Reconstruction, International Moneraty Fund, MAGATE, Red Cross, UNISEF, UNESCO and others. Also Kazakhstan is the member of OSCE and Shanghai Cooperation Organization which shows its high value to the economy of other countries.

70. The policy of “Reorganization”/Perestroika in Kazakhstan (1985-1991): the main stages and their characteristics.

Reorganization means accelerated economic and social development of country. It was initiated by Gorbachev M.S. in April, 1985. It had 3 main stages: 1) in April 1985 a) announcement of accelerated delopment of economic and social delopment. b) raising of company against alchocholism and act of earning money without labour(business). 2) 27th meeting of Central Commitee: a) was announced new style of political development b) raised the question about moral appereance of Commitee's members. 3) In January of 1987 was made a step due to reorganization and democratization of community. Its characteristics might be explained as reorganization initiated extensive development instead of benefical intensive development. Government officials did their work just to reach the numeric results in order to show them to government. That is why, it had a negative effect on entire development ofcountry's economy.

71. The disintegration of USSR: the causes and consequences. The formation of CIS.

The leaders of Russia, Ukraina, Byelorussia met in 8th of December, 1991 in Minsk and annouced that treaty of 1922 about formation of USSR lost its validity. Which meant that all laws and organs of USSR stopped their functions. Then on 13th of December leaders of Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan met in Ashgabat and expressed their full agreement with decision which was made in Minsk. Later on 21st of December heads of all former Soviet Union except Litva, Latvia and Moldova signed in the document which declared formation of CIS(Commonwealth of Independent States). The Treaty signed by (owners of atomic weapon) Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraina and Byelorussia declared that countries-participants had to form common policy regarding atomic weapon and provide safety of to the members of CIS.

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 2219