Appendix 6: Irregular verbs

VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE

arise arose arisen

be was, were been

bear bore borne

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

betted

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bit

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burnt burnt

burned burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dive dived dived

dove (us)

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt dreamt

dreamed dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE

find found found

flee fled fled

fly flew flown

forbid forbad(e) forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got got

gotten (us)

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant leant

leaned leaned

leap leapt leapt

leaped leaped

learn learnt learnt

learned learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lit lit

lighted lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

mow mowed mown

mowed

VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE

pay paid paid

put put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn

sewed

shake shook shaken

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

show showed shown

showed

shrink shrank shrunk

shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

smell smelt smelt

smelled smelled

speak spoke spoken

speed sped sped

speeded speeded

spell spelt spelt

spelled spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt spilt

spilled spilled

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

split split split

spoil spoilt spoilt

spoiled spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang sprung

VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk

stunk

stride strode stridden

strike struck struck

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

waked waked

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

weaved weaved

weep wept wept

win won won

wind wound wound

write wrote written

The verbs in this list are also irregular when they have a prefix, e.g. overtake - overtook - overtaken, foretell - foretold - foretold.

A few verbs have irregular present simple forms:

VERB PRESENT SIMPLE

be I am; you/we/they are; he/she/it is

do he/she/it does

go he/she/it goes

have he/she/it has

say he/she/it says

For burnt/burned, dreamt/dreamed, etc in British and American English see page 382. For gotten see page 378.

Key to the starting test

The number after the answer tells you which unit of the book has information and practice on that grammar point.

1 c) 3 35 c) 49,53 69 b) 106

2 c) 4,6 36 b) 54 70 a) 108

3 d) 5,6 37 b) 55,56 71 d) 109

4 a) 7 38 b) 57 72 b) 110,111

5 a) 8 39 b) 58 73 d) 112

6 d) 9 40 d) 60,62 74 b) 113

7 c) 9,10 41 b) 61,62 75 c) 114

8 d) 11 42 c) 64 76 d) 115

9 b) 12,13 43 c) 65 77 c) 118

10 d) 14 44 d) 66 78 d) 119

11 b) 15 45 b) 68 79 c) 120

12 d) 16 46 b) 70 80 c) 121

13 d) 17 47 b) 72 81 a) 123

14 a) 18,19 48 b) 73 82 c) 124, 125

15 a) 20 49 d) 74 83 d) 126, 127

16 b) 23 50 c) 76,77 84 d) 128-130

17 b) 24,25 51 a) 78 85 d) 131

18 d) 26 52 c) 80 86 c) 132

19 c) 27 53 d) 81 87 a) 133

20 b) 28 54 d) 83,84 88 c) 134

21 d) 31 55 a) 86 89 d) 136

22 b) 33 56 b) 87 90 d) 137

23 a) 34,36 57 c) 89 91 b) 139

24 c) 37 58 c) 90 92 c) 140

25 c) 38 59 c) 91 93 c) 141,142

26 b) 40 60 d) 92 94 b) 143

27 d) 41 61 b) 94 95 a) 144,147

28 d) 42 62 d) 95 96 b) 145, 147

29 c) 43 63 d) 96 97 d) 146,147

30 d) 44 64 d) 99 98 d) 149

31 b) 46 65 a) 100, 101 99 d) 150

32 c) 47 66 b) 102 100 d) 151

33 a) 48 67 c) 103

34 b) 51,52 68 a) 105

We use to, in order to, so that and for to express purpose, to say why we do things. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper.

B To

We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose.

Melanie was hurrying to catch her bus. Most people work to earn money. I rang to find out the train times. We went to the library to get some books.

C In order to and so as to

In order to and so as to are more formal than to.

The government took these measures in order to reduce crime.

The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to.

Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.

The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. We cannot use not to on its own.

She was hurrying to catch her bus. not She-was-hurrying not to miss-her bus.

D So that

Look at this example.

I'll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel's birthday. After so that we use a subject and verb, e.g. it gets. We often use will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose.

I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right.

I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right.

E To or for?

We can use for with a noun to say why we do something.

The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. Why don't you come over for coffee? To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form.

This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter.

This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. But we do not use for + an ing-form to talk about a specific action.

I put the heater on to keep the plants warm, not I put the heater-on-for keeping the plants warm.

Exercises

1 To(B)

Complete each sentence using to and these words:

cash a cheque, finance her studies, go to sleep, hear the football results, look smart

► Laura went to the bank to cash a cheque.

1 Mrs Miles sometimes takes a pill ..........................................................................

2 Tom turned on the radio....................................................

3 Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit...................

4 Jessica is borrowing some money ..............

2 In order to and so as to (C)

Alan works for Zedco. He wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience.

ACTION PURPOSE

► study the market be more successful

1 get to work earlier impress the boss

2 work harder achieve more

3 take risks be a winner

4 think positively not miss any opportunities

Say what Alan is going to do. Use either in order to or so as to. Both are correct.

► He's going to study the market in order to be more successful.

1 .....................................................................................................................................

2 …………………………………………………………………………………

3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4 ....................................................................................................................................

3 To, for and so that (B, D, E)

Comment on what each person says. Use the word in brackets.

? Ilona: I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. (to)
llona is learning English to get a better job.

? Claude: I study encyclopedias. Then I can answer quiz questions, (so that)
Claude studies encyclopedias so that he can answer quiz questions.

? Vicky: I'm saving up. I'm planning a holiday, (for)
Vicky is saving up for a holiday.

1 Nick: I keep a dog. It guards the house, (to)

2 David: I'm going to be very careful. Then I won't have an accident, (so that)

3 Jessica: I'm going on a diet. I want to lose weight, (to)

4 Trevor: I often switch off the heating. It saves money, (to)

5 Sarah: I had to go to Birmingham. I had a business meeting, (for)

6 Emma: I wore boots because I didn't want my feet to get wet. (so that)

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1585