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English Grammar in Use.
A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students.
With answers.
Raymond Murphy
Second Edition
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CONTENTS Thanks vii To the student viii To the teacher ix Present and past 1 Present continuous (I am doing) 2 Present simple (I do) 3 Present continuous and present simple (1) (I am doing and I do) 4 Present continuous and present simple (2) (I am doing and I do) 5 Past simple (I did) 6 Past continuous (I was doing) Present perfect and past 7 Present perfect (1) (I have done) 8 Present perfect (2) (I have done) 9 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) 10 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done) 11 How long have you (been) ...? 12 When ...? and How long ...? For and since 13 Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did) 14 Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did) 15 Past perfect (I had done) 16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) 17 Have and have got 18 Used to (do) Future 19 Present tenses (I am doing/I do) for the future 20 (I'm) going to (do) 21 Will/shall (1) 22 Will/shall (2) 23 I will and I'm going to 24 Will be doing and will have done 25 When I do/When I've done When and if Modals 26 Can, could and (be) able to 27 Could (do) and could have (done) 28 Must and can't 29 May and might (1) 30 May and might (2) 31 Must and have to 32 Must mustn't needn't 33 Should (1) 34 Should (2) 35 Had better It's time ... 36 Can/Could/Would you ...? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations) Conditionals and 'wish' 37 If I do ... and If I did ... 38 If I knew ... I wish I knew ... 39 If I had known ... I wish I had known ... 40 Would I wish ... would Passive 41 Passive (1) (is done/was done) 42 Passive (2) (be/been/being done) 43 Passive (3) 44 It is said that ... He is said to ... (be) supposed to ... 45 Have something done Reported speech 46 Reported speech (1) (He said that ... 47 Reported speech (2) Questions and auxiliary verbs 48 Questions (1) 49 Questions (2) (Do you know where ...? I She asked me where ... 50 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so I hope so etc. 51 Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.) ~ing and the infinitive 52 Verb + ~ing (enjoy doing/stop doing etc.) 53 Verb + to ... (decide to do/forget to do etc.) 54 Verb + (object) + to ... (I want (you) to do etc.) 55 Verb + ~ing or to ... (1) (remember/regret etc.) 56 Verb + ~ing or to ... (2) (try/need/help) 57 Verb + ~ing or to ... (3) (like/would like etc.) 58 Prefer and would rather 59 Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + ~ing 60 Be/get used to something (I'm used to ... 61 Verb + preposition + ~ing (succeed in ~ing/accuse somebody of ~ing etc.) 62 Expressions + ~ing 63 To ... for ... and so that ... (purpose) 64 Adjective + to ... 65 To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + ~ing (afraid of ~ing) 66 See somebody do and see somebody doing 67 ~ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.) Articles and nouns 68 Countable and uncountable nouns (1) 69 Countable and uncountable nouns (2) 70 Countable nouns with a/an and some 71 A/an and the 72 The (1) 73 The (2) (School/the school) 74 The (3) (Children/the children) 75 The (4) (The giraffe/the telephone/the piano etc.; the + adjective) 76 Names with and without the (1) 77 Names with and without the (2) 78 Singular and plural 79 Noun + noun (a tennis ball/a headache etc.) 80 -'s (the girl's name) and of ... (the name of the book) Pronouns and determiners 81 A friend of mine My own house On my own/by myself 82 Myself/yourself/themselves etc. 83 There ... and it ... 84 Some and any 85 No/none/any 86 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty 87 All/all of most/most of no/none of etc. 88 Both/both of neither/neither of either/either of 89 All, every and whole 90 Each and every Relative clauses 91 Relative clauses (1)-clauses with who/that/which 92 Relative clauses (2)-clauses with or without who/that/which 93 Relative clauses (3)-whose/whom/where 94 Relative clauses (4)-'extra information' clauses (1) 95 Relative clauses (5)-'extra information' clauses (2) 96 ~ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident) Adjectives and adverbs 97 Adjectives ending in ~ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) 98 Adjectives: word order (a nice new house) Adjectives after verbs (You look tired) 99 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) 100 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) 101 So and such 102 A. Enough and too 103 Quite and rather 104 Comparison (1)-cheaper, more expensive etc. 105 Comparison (2) · 106 Comparison (3)-as ... as than · 107 Superlatives-the longest/the most enjoyable etc. 108 Word order (1)-verb + object; place and time 109 Word order (2)-adverbs with the verb 110 Still, yet and already Any more/any longer no longer 111 Even Conjunctions and prepositions 112 Although/though/even though In spite of despite 113 In case 114 Unless As long as and provided/providing 115 As (reason and time) 116 Like and as 117 As if 118 For, during and while 119 By and until By the time ... Prepositions 120 At/on/in (time) 121 On time/in time At the end in the end 122 Wat/on (place) (1) 123 In/at/on (place) (2) 124 In/at/on (place) (3) 125 To/at/in/into 126 On/in/at (other uses) 127 By 128 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.) 129 Adjective + preposition (1) 130 Adjective + preposition (2) 131 Verb + preposition (1) at and to 132 Verb + preposition (2) about/for/of/after 133 Verb + preposition (3) about and of 134 Verb + preposition (4) of/for/from/on 135 Verb + preposition (5) in/into/with/to/on 136 Phrasal verbs (get up/break down/fill in etc.)
Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs 274 Appendix 2 Present and past tenses 276 Appendix 3 The future 277 Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) 278 Appendix 5 Short forms (I'm/you've/didn't etc.) 279 Appendix 6 Spelling 280 Appendix 7 American English 282 Additional exercises 284 Study guide 301 Index 344
THANKS I would like to thank all the students and teachers who used the material that made up the original edition of this book. In particular, I am grateful to my former colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for all their interest and encouragement. I would also like to thank Adrian du Plessis, Alison Baxter, Barbara Thomas and Michael Swan for their help with the original edition. Regarding this new edition, I would like to express my thanks to: Jeanne McCarten for her help and advice throughout the preparation of the project Alison Silver, Geraldine Mark, Peter Donovan, Ruth Carim and Nick Newton of Cambridge University Press Gerry Abbot, Richard Fay, Clare West and Pam Murphy for their comments on the manuscript Sue Andre and Paul Heacock for their help with the appendix on American English Amanda MacPhall for the illustrations TO THE STUDENT This book is for students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a teacher. The book will be useful for you if you are not sure of the answers to questions like these: What is the difference between I did and I have done? When do we use will for the future? What is the structure after I wish? When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? When do we use the? What is the difference between like and as? These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point. Level The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful. The book is not suitable for elementary learners. How the book is organized There are 136 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for example, the present perfect or the use of tbe) are covered in more than one unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book. Each unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check your answers to the exercises (page 310). There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 274-283). These include irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English. Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back of the book (page 344). How to use the book The units are not in order of difficulty, so it is not intended that you work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use this book to help you with the grammar that you find difficult. It is suggested that you work in this way: Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page 301. Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen. Do the exercises on the right-hand page. Check your answers with the Key. If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong. You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises. Additional exercises At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 284-300). These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 14 brings together grammar points from Units 26-40. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned. TO THE TEACHER English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary. The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper-intermediate levels (where all or nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practicing new structures. It will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners. The units are organized in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns, Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. It should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having. The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help. The lefthand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then has the left-hand page as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. This new edition of English Grammar in Use contains a set of Additional exercises (pages284-300). These exercises provide 'mixed' practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units. A 'classroom edition' of English Grammar in Use is also available. It contains no key and some teachers might therefore prefer it for use with their students. English Grammar in Use Second Edition While this Is a completely new edition of English Grammar in Use, the general structure and character of the original book remain the same. The main changes from the original are: There are new units on compound nouns (Unit 79), there and it (Unit 83), each and every (Unit 90) and by (Unit 127). Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 73 (school or the school) and Unit 94 (relative clauses 4). Some of the material has been reorganised. For example, Units 3-4 (present continuous and present simple) and Units 68-69 (countable and uncountable nouns) correspond to single units in the original edition. The material in Units 131-135 (verb + preposition) has been completely rearranged. Some of the units have been reordered and nearly all units have a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 35 (had better and it's time ...) Is the new rewritten version of the original Unit 65. On the left-hand pages, many of the explanations have been rewritten and many of the examples have been changed. Many of the original exercises have been either modified or completely replaced with new exercises. There is a new section of Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student). In the edition with answers there is a new Study guide to help students decide which units to study (see To the student). The Study guide is only In the edition with answers. There are two new appendices on future forms and modal verbs. The other appendices have been revised. UNIT 1. Present continuous (I am doing) A. Study this example situation: Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished. Am/is/are ~ing is the present continuous: I am(= I'm) driving he/she/it is(he's etc.) working we/you/they are(we're etc.) doing etc.
B. I am doing something = I'm in the middle of doing something; I've started doing it and I haven't finished yet. Often the action is happening at the time of speaking: * Please don't make so much noise. I'm working. (not 'I work') * 'Where's Margaret?' 'She's having a bath.' (not 'she has a bath') * Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more. (not 'it doesn't rain') * (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not 'do you enjoy') * I'm tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodnight! But the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example: Tom and Ann are talking in a cafe. Tom says: TOM: I'm reading an interesting book at the moment. IT lend it to you when I've finished it. Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it but not finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Some more examples: * Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn't learning Italian exactly at the time of speaking) * Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope it will be finished before next summer.
C. We use the present continuous when we talk about things happening in a period around now (for example, today/this week/this evening etc.): * 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.' (not 'you work hard today') * 'Is Susan working this week?' 'No, she's on holiday.' We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now: * The population of the world is rising very fast. (not 'rises') * Is your English getting better? (not 'does your English get better')
EXERCISES 1.1 Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form: come get happen look make start stay try work 1. 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.' 2. I --- for Christine. Do you know where she is? 3. It --- dark. Shall I turn on the light? 4. They haven't got anywhere to I've at the moment. They --- with friends until they find somewhere. 5. 'Are you ready, Ann?' 'Yes, I ---.' 6. Have you got an umbrella? It --- to rain. Is starting 7. You --- a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I --- to concentrate. Are making, am trying 8. Why are all these people here? What ---? Is happening
1.2 Use the words in brackets to complete the questions. 1. 'Is Colin working this week?' 'No, he's on holiday.' (Colin/work) 2. Why --- at me like that? What's the matter? (you/look) are you looking 3. 'Jenny is a student at university.' 'Is she? What --- ?' (she/study) is she studying 4. --- to the radio or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen) Is anybody listening 5. How is your English? --- better? (it/get) Is it getting
1.3 Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.). 1. I'm tired. I'm going (go) to bed now. Goodnight! 2. We can go out now. it isn't raining (rain) any more. 3. 'How is your new job?' 'Not so good at the moment. I --- (enjoy) it very much.' ‘m not enjoying 4. Catherine phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She --- (have) a great time and doesn't want to come back. ‘s having 5. I want to lose weight, so this week I --- (eat) lunch. ‘m not eating 6. Angela has just started evening classes. She --- (learn) German. ‘s learning 7. I think Paul and Ann have had an argument. They --- (speak) to each other. Aren’t speaking 1.4 Read this conversation between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs into the correct form. SARAH: Brian! How nice to see you! What (1) --- (you/do) these days? BRIAN: I (2) --- (train) to be a supermarket manager. SARAH: Really? What's it like? (3) --- (you/enjoy) it? BRIAN: It's all right. What about you? SARAH: Well, actually I (4) --- (not/work) at the moment. I (5) --- (try) to find a job but it's not easy. But I'm very busy. I (6) --- (decorate) my flat. BRIAN: (7) --- (you/do) it alone? SARAH: No, some friends of mine (8) --- (help) me. 1.5 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get change rise fall increase You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once. 1. The population of the world is rising very fast. 2. Ken is still ill but he --- better slowly. 3. The world ---. Things never stay the same. 4. The cost of living ---. Every year things are more expensive. 5. The economic situation is already very bad and it --- worse. UNIT 2. Present simple (I do) A. Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. So: He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Drive(s)/work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple: I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc. he/she/it drives/works/does etc.
B. We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about now. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking: * Nurses took after patients in hospitals. * I usually go away at weekends. * The earth goes round the sun. Remember that we say: he/she/it -s. Don't forget the s: I work ... but He works ... They teach ... but My sister teaches ... For spelling (-s or -es), see Appendix 6.
C. We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: do I/we/you/they work?/come?/do? does he/she/it work?/come?/do? I/we/you/they don't work/come/do he/she/it doesn't work/come/do * I come from Canada. Where do you come from? * 'Would you like a cigarette?' 'No, thanks. I don't smoke.' * What does this word mean? (not 'What means this word?') * Rice doesn't grow in cold climates. In the following examples do is also the main verb: * 'What do you do?' (= What's your job?) 'I work in a shop.' * He's so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help me. (not 'He doesn't anything')
D. We use the present simple when we say how often we do things: * I get up at 8 o'clock every morning. (not 'I'm getting') * How often do you go to the dentist? (not 'How often are you going?') * Ann doesn't drink tea very often. * In summer John usually plays tennis once or twice a week.
E. I promise/I apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say 'I promise ...'; when you suggest something, you can say J suggest ...'. We use the present simple (promise/suggest etc.) in sentences like this: * I promise I won't be late. (not 'I'm promising') * 'What do you suggest I do?' 'I suggest that you ...' In the same way we say: I apologise .../I advise .../I insist .../I agree ... /I refuse ... etc. EXERCISES 2.1 Complete the sentences using one of the following: cause(s) close(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s) place 1. Ann speaks German very well. 2. I never --- coffee. 3. The swimming pool --- at 9 o'clock and --- at 18.30 every day. 4. Bad driving --- many accidents. causes 5. My parents --- in a very at small flat. live 6. The Olympic Games --- every four years. Take place
2.2 Put the verb into the correct form. 1. Jane doesn't drink (not/drink) tea very often. 2. What time --- (the banks/close) in Britain? Do the banks close 3. 'Where --- (Martin/come) from?' 'He's Scottish.' Does Martin come 4. 'What --- (you/do)?' 'I'm an electrical engineer.' – do you do 5. It --- (take) me an hour to get to work. How long --- (it/take) you? – take, does it take 6. I --- (play) the piano but I --- (not/play) very well. Play , don’t play 7. I don't understand this sentence. What --- (this word/mean)? Does this word mean
2.3 Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe eat flow go grow make rise tell translate 1. The earth goes round the sun. 2. Rice doesn't grow in Britain. 3. The sun --- in the east. rises 4. Bees --- honey. - make 5. Vegetarians --- meat. – don’t eat 6. An atheist --- in God. doesn’t believe 7. An interpreter --- from one language into another. translates 8. A liar is someone who --- the truth. Does not tell 9. The River Amazon --- into the Atlantic Ocean. flows
2.4 Ask Liz questions about herself and her family. 1. You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often do you play tennis? 2. Perhaps Liz's sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz. --- your sister --- (- does your sister play tennis?) 3. You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Ask her. --- ( Which newspaper do you read everyday?) 4. You know that Liz's brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz. --- - what does your brother do? 5. You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her. --- How often do you go to the cinema? 6. You don't know where Liz's mother lives. Ask Liz. --- Where does your mother live ?
2.5 Complete using one of the following. I apologise I insist I promise I recommend I suggest 1. It's a nice day. I suggest we go out for a walk. 2. I won't tell anybody what you said. ---. I promise 3. (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. ---. – I insist 4. --- for what I said about you. It wasn't true and I shouldn't have said it. – I apologize 5. The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good --- it. I recommend UNIT 3. Present continuous and present simple (1) (I am doing and I do) A. Study the explanations and compare the examples: Present continuous (I am doing) Use the continuous for something that is happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not finished. I am doing (now) * The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? * Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? * Let's go out. It isn't raining now. * 'Don't disturb me. I'm busy.' 'Why? What are you doing?' * I'm going to bed now. Goodnight! * Maria is in Britain at the moment. She's learning English. Use the continuous for a temporary situation: * I'm living with some friends until I find a flat. * 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I've got a lot to do.' See Unit I for more information. Present simple (I do) Use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly. I do * Water boils at 100 degrees celsius. * Excuse me, do you speak English? * It doesn't rain very much in summer. * What do you usually do at weekends? * What do you do? (= What's your job?) * I always go to bed before midnight. * Most people learn to swim when they are children. Use the simple for a permanent situation: * My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives. * John isn't lazy. He works very hard most of the time. See Unit 2 for more information. B. I always do and I'm always doing Usually we say 'I always do something' (= I do it every time): * I always go to work by car. (not 'I'm always going') You can also say 'I'm always doing something', but this has a different meaning. For example: I've lost my key again. I'm always losing things. 'I'm always losing things' does not mean that I lose things every time. It means that I lose things too often, more often than normal. 'You're always ~ing' means that you do something very often, more often than the speaker thinks is normal or reasonable. * You're always watching television. You should do something more active. * John is never satisfied. He's always complaining. EXERCISES 3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. 1. Water boils at 100 degrees celsius. RIGHT 2. The water boils. Can you turn it off? WRONG: is boilling 3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. --- wrong, is trying 4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? --- wrong, are they talking 5. The moon goes round the earth. ---right 6. I must go now. It gets late. --- wrong, is getting 7. I usually go to work by car. --- right 8. 'Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.' --- wrong, am coming 9. I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on? --- wrong, are you getting on
3.2 Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1. Let's go out. It isn't raining (not/rain) now. 2. Julia is very good at languages. She speaks (speak) four languages very well. 3. Hurry up! Everybody --- (wait) for you. – is waiting 4. '--- (you/listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.' – Are you listening 5. '--- (you/listen) to the radio every day?' 'No, just occasionally.' – Do you listen 6. The River Nile --- (flow) into the Mediterranean. - flows 7. Look at the river. It --- (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual. – is flowing 8. We usually --- (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we --- (not/grow) any. –grow, are not growing 9. 'How is your English?' 'Not bad. It --- (improve) slowly.' Is improving 10. Ron is in London at the moment. He --- (stay) at the Park Hotel. He --- (always/stay) there when he's in London. – is staying, always stays 11. Can we stop walking soon? I --- (start) to feel tired. – am starting 12. 'Can you drive?' 'I --- (learn). My father --- (teach) me.' – am learning, is teaching 13. Normally I --- (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I --- (work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money. – finish, am working 14. My parents --- (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where --- (your parents/live)? Live, do your parents live 15. Sonia --- (look) for a place to live. She --- (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere. - is looking , is staying 16. 'What --- (your father/do)?' 'He's an architect but he --- (not/work) at the moment.' - does your father do, is not working 17. (at a party) Usually I --- (enjoy) parties but I --- (not/enjoy) this one very much. - enjoy, am not enjoying 18. The train is never late. It --- (always/leave) on time. Always leaves 19. Jim is very untidy. He --- (always/leave) his things all over the place. - is always leaving
3.3 Finish B's sentences. Use always ~ing (see Section B). 1. A: I'm afraid I've lost my key again. B: Not again! You're always losing your key. 2. A: The car has broken down again. B: That car is useless! It --- Is always breaking down 3. A: Look! You've made the same mistake again. B: Oh no, not again! I --- Am always making the same mistake 4. A: Oh, I've left the lights on again. B: Typical! You --- are always leaving the lights on UNIT 4. Present continuous and present simple (2) (I am doing and I do) A. We use continuous tenses only for actions and happenings (they are eating/it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not action verbs. You cannot say 'I am knowing' or ,they are liking'; you can only say 'I know', 'they like'. The following verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses: like love hate want need prefer know realise suppose mean understand believe remember belong contain consist depend seem * I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not 'I'm wanting') * Do you understand what I mean? * Ann doesn't seem very happy at the moment. When think means 'believe', do not use the continuous: * What do you think (= believe) will happen? (not 'what are you thinking') but * You look serious. What are you thinking about? (= What is going on in your mind?) * I'm thinking of giving up my job. (= I am considering) When have means 'possess' etc., do not use the continuous (see Unit 17): * We're enjoying our holiday. We have a nice room in the hotel. (not 'we're having') but * We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a great time.
B. See hear smell taste We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs: * Do you see that man over there? (not 'are you seeing') * This room smells. Let's open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste: * Listen! Can you hear something? But you can use the continuous with see (I'm seeing) when the meaning is 'having a meeting with' (especially in the future--see Unit 19A): * I'm seeing the manager tomorrow morning.
C. He is selfish and He is being selfish The present continuous of be is I am being/he is being/you are being etc. I'm being = 'I'm behaving/I'm acting'. Compare: * I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that. (being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment) but * He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not 'he is being') (= he is selfish generally, not only at the moment) We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences: * It's hot today. (not 'it is being hot') * Sarah is very tired. (not 'is being tired')
D. Look and feet You can use the present simple or continuous when you say how somebody looks or feels now: * You took well today. or You're looking well today. * How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but * I usually feel tired in the morning. (not 'I'm usually feeling')
EXERCISES 4.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. 1. I'm seeing the manager tomorrow morning. RIGHT 2. I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? --- wrong, I feel hungry 3. Are you believing in God? --- wrong, do you believe in God? no I’m an atheist 4. This sauce is great. It's tasting really good. --- - wrong, it tastes really good. 5. I'm thinking this is your key. Am I right? --- wrong, I think
4.2 Look at the pictures. Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.) 1. (you/not/seem/very happy today) You don't seem very happy today. 2. (what/you/do?) ---what are you doing? Be quiet! (I/think) ---I’m thinking 3. (who/this umbrella/belong to?) --- To whom does this umbrella belong ? I've no idea. 4. (the dinner/smell/good) ---The dinner smells good. 5. Excuse me. (anybody/sit/here?) ---Is anybody sitting here? No, it's free 6. Can you ring me back in half an hour? (I/have/dinner) ---I’m having dinner
4.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1. Are you hungry? Do you want something to eat? (you/want) 2. Jill is interested in politics but she --- to a political party. (not/belong) does not belong to 3. Don't put the dictionary away. I --- it. (use) I’m using it 4. Don't put the dictionary away. I --- it. (need) I need it. 5. Who is that man? What ---? (he/want) does he want 6. Who is that man? Why --- at us? (he/look) is he looking 7. George says he's 80 years old but nobody --- him. (believe) - believes 8. She told me her name but I --- it now. (not/remember) – don’t remember 9. I --- of selling my car. (think) Would you be interested in buying it? Am thinking 10. I --- you should sell your w car. (think) You --- it very often. (not/use) think, don’t use 11. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I --- tea. (prefer) prefer 12. Air --- mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist) consists
4.4 Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (am/is/are being). 1. I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that. 2. Jack --- very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. – was being 3. You'll like Jill when you meet her. She --- very nice. - is 4. Normally you are very sensible, so why --- so silly about this matter? Are you being 5. Why isn't Sarah at work today? --- ill? – Is she being UNIT 5. Past simple (I did) A. Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple.
B. Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): * I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop. * We invited them to our party but they decided not to come. * The police stopped me on my way home last night. * She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write -> wrote * Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see -> saw * We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go -> went * I went to the cinema three times last week. shut -> shut * It was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
C. In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.): I/she/they: enjoyed/saw/went Did: you/she/they: enjoy?/see?/go? I/she/they: didn't: enjoy/see/go * A: Did you go out last night? B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn't enjoy the film much. * 'When did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.' * They didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't go. * 'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.' Be careful when do is the main verb in the sentence: * What did you do at the weekend? (not 'what did you at the weekend') * I didn't do anything. (not 'I didn't anything')
D. The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were: I/he/she/it was/wasn't we/you/they were/weren't was I/he/she/it? were we/you/they? Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: * I was angry because they were late. * Was the weather good when you were on holiday? * They weren't able to come because they were so busy. * Did you go out last night or were you too tired? EXERCISES 5.1 Read what Sharon says about a typical working day: SHARON I usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o'clock. i'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock. I always sleep well. Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write she did or didn't do yesterday. 1. She got up at 7 o'clock. 2. She --- a big breakfast. 3. She ---. 4. It --- to get to work. 5. --- at 8.45. 6. --- lunch. 7. --- at 5 o'clock. 8. --- tired when --- home. 9. --- a meal yesterday evening. 10. --- out yesterday evening. 11. --- at 11 o'clock. 12. --- well last night. 5.2 Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write 1. Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. 2. 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My father --- me.' 3. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we --- it. 4. I was very thirsty. I --- the water very quickly. 5. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he --- easily. 6. Don --- down the stairs this morning and --- his lag. 7. Jim --- the ball to Sue, who --- it. 8. Ann --- a lot of money yesterday. She --- a dress which --- l100. 5.3 A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1. (where/go?) Where did you go? 2. (go alone?) --- 3. (food/good?) --- 4. (how long/stay there?) --- 5. (stay/at a hotel?) --- 6. (how/travel?) --- 7. (the weather/fine?) --- 8. (what/do in the evenings?) --- 9. (meet anybody interesting?) --- 5.4 Complete the sentences, Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1. It was warm, so I _took_ off my coat. (take) 2. The film wasn't very good. I didn't enjoy it very much. (enjoy) 3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I --- her. (disturb) 4. I was very tired, so I --- to bed early. (go) 5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I --- very well. (sleep) 6. Sue wasn't hungry, so she --- anything. (eat) 7. We went to Kate's house but she --- at home. (be) 8. It was a funny situation but nobody --- (laugh) 9. The window was open and a bird --- into the room. (fly) 10. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It --- very much. (cost) 11. I was in a hurry, so I --- time to phone you. (have) 12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They --- very heavy. (be) UNIT 6. Past continuous (I was doing) A. Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. They were playing = 'they were in the middle of playing'. They had not finished playing. Was/were ~ing is the past continuous: I/he/she/it was playing/doing/working etc. we/you/they were playing/doing/working etc.
B. We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished: * This time last year I was living in Brazil. * What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? * I waved to her but she wasn't looking.
C. Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did): Past continuous (in the middle of an action) * I was walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home) * Ann was watching television when the phone rang. Past simple (complete action) * I walked home after the party last night. (= all the way, completely) * Ann watched television a lot when she was ill last year.
D. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: * Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. * I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. * While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: * I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. Compare: * When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) * When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.)
E. There are some verbs (for example, know/want/believe) that are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A): * We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not 'we were knowing') * I was enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not 'was wanting') EXERCISES 6.1 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1. (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) I was having dinner with some friends. 2. (at 5 o'clock last Saturday) I was on a train on my way to London. 3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning) 4. (at 4.30 this morning) 5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) 6. (half an hour ago)
6.2 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous. 1. Tom burnt his hand while he was cooking the dinner. 2. The doorbell rang while I --- 3. We saw an accident while we --- 4. Mary fell asleep while she --- 5. The television was on but nobody ---
6.3 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1. I saw (see) Sue in town yesterday but she --- (look) the other way. 2. I --- (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They --- (go) to Berlin and I --- (go) to Madrid. We --- (have) a chat while we --- (wait) for our flights. 3. I --- (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man --- (step) out into the road in front of me. I --- (go) quite fast but luckily I --- (manage) to stop in time and --- (not/hit) him.
6.4 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive). 2. 'What --- (you/do) this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.' 3. '--- (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.' 4. 'Was Carol at the party last night?' 'Yes, she --- (wear) a really nice dress.' 5. How fast --- (you/drive) when the accident --- (happen)? 6. John --- (take) a photograph of me while I --- (not/look). 7. We were in a very difficult position. We --- (not/know) what to do. 8. I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last --- (see) him, he --- (try) to find a Job in London. 9. I --- (walk) along the street when suddenly I --- (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody --- (follow) me. I was frightened and I --- (start) to run. 10. When I was young, I --- (want) to be a bus driver. UNIT 7 Present perfect (1) (I have done) A. Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his key' = He lost it and he still hasn't got it. Have/has lost is the present perfect simple: I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc. he/she/it has (= he's etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc. The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
B. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: * 'Where's your key?' J don't know. I've lost it.' (I haven't got it now) * He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now) * 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (she is out now) * I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (do you know where it is now?) We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening: * Ow! I've cut my finger. * The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident. * (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
C. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet: Just = a short time ago: * 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.' * Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected (see also Unit 110D). * 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.' * 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.' Yet = 'until now' and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see also Unit 110C): * Has it stopped raining yet? * I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
D. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): * Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there now or on his way there) * Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy) For been (to) see also Units 8 and 125B. EXERCISES 7.1 You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect. Dear Chris, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1. I/buy/a new car I've bought a new car. 2. my father/start/a new job 3. I/give up/smoking 4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil 5. Suzanne/have/a baby
7.2 Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following: arrive break go up grow improve lose 1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She --- 3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. --- 4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. --- 5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. --- 6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. --- 7.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet (as sbown). 1. A: Would you like something to eat? B: No, thanks. I've just had lunch. (just/have) 2. A: Do you know where Julia is? B: Yes, I --- her. (just/see) 3. A: What time is David leaving? B: He --- (already/leave) 4. A: What's in the newspaper today? B: I don't know. I --- (not/read/yet) 5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us? B: No, she --- the film. (already/see) 6. A: Are your friends here yet? B: Yes, they --- (just/arrive) 7. A: What does Tim think about your plan? B: I --- (not/tell/yet) 7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?' You say: No, thank you. I've just had lunch. (have lunch) 2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?' You say: I'm afraid --- (go out) 3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! --- (not/finish) 4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?' You say: No --- it. (do) 5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: ---? (find) 6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks 'Is Ann still at the bank?' You say: No, --- (come back) 7.5 Put in been or gone. 1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy. 2. Hello! I've just --- to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's --- to the shop to get a newspaper. 4. Tom has. --- out. He'll be back in about an hour. 5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already --- to the bank.' UNIT 8. Present perfect (2) (I have done) A. Study this example conversation: DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places. DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice. DAVE: What about India? JANE: No, I haven't been to India. When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been/have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now). * Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) * We've never had a car. * 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.' * Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times! * What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen. In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast etc.): * Have you heard from George recently? * I've met a lot of people in the last few days. * Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far. * I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now) * It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
B. We use the present perfect with today/this morning/this evening etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B): * I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps I'll drink more before today is finished) * Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? * I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? * Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.
C. Note that we say 'It's the first time something has happened' (present perfect). For example: Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson. * It's the first time he has driven a car. (not 'drives') or He has never driven a car before. * Linda has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has happened. (not 'happens') * This is a lovely meal. It's the first good meal I've had for ages. (not 'I have') * Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening. EXERCISES 8.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the words in brackets. 1. (ever/ride/horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse? 2. (ever/be/California?) 3. (ever/run/marathon?) 4. (ever/speak/famous person?) 5. (always/live/in this town?) 6. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?) What 8.2 Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list: be be cat happen have meet play read see see try 1 A: What's George's sister like? B: I've no idea. I've never met her. 2. A: How is Amy these days? B: I don't know. I --- her recently. 3. A: Are you hungry? B: Yes. I --- much today. 4. A: Can you play chess? B: Yes, but --- for ages. 5. A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: Yes, it's the best holiday --- for a long time. 6. A: What's that book like? B: I don't know --- 7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place? B: I've no idea --- there. 8. A: Mike was late for work again today. B: Again? He --- every day this week. 9. A: Do you like caviar? B: I don't know --- 10. A: The car broke down again yesterday. B: Not again! That's the second time --- this week. 11. Who's that woman by the door) B: I don't know --- before.) 8.3 Complete these sentences using today/this year/this term etc. 1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him today. 2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I --- today. 3. Last year the company made a profit but this year --- 4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but --- 5. It snowed a lot last winter but --- 6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we --- 8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples. 1. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: Have you driven a car before? 2. Len is playing tennis. He's not very good and he doesn't know the rules. You ask: Have --- 3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask: --- She says: --- 4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her. You ask: --- She says: --- UNIT 9. Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) A. It has been raining. Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. It has been raining. Have/has been ~ing is the present perfect continuous: I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc. he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now: * You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now) * Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now) * Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? * I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that ...
B. It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours. We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for ... and since ... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. * How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English) * Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day. * Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour. * George hasn't been feeling well recently. You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.
C. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing: I am doing (present continuous) -> now * Don't disturb me now. I'm working. * We need an umbrella. It's raining. * Hurry up! We're waiting. I have been doing (present perfect continuous) * I've been working hard, so now I'm going to have a rest. * The ground is wet. It's been raining. * We've been waiting for an hour. EXERCISES 9.1 What have these people been doing or what has been happening? 1. They have been shopping. 2. She --- 3. They --- 4. He ---
9.2 Write a question for each situation. 1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you/sit in the sun?) Have you been sitting in the sun? 2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you/wait/long?) 3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what/you/do?) 4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know 'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/live/in Baker Street?) 5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know 'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/sell/computers?)
9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It has been raining for two hours. 2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. We --- for 20 minutes. 3. I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now. I --- since December. 4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now. --- for six months. 5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She's still working there now. --- since 18 January. 6. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now. We --- for years.
9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am ~ing etc.) or present perfect continuous (I have been ~ing etc.). 1. Maria has been learning (learn) English for two years. 2. Hello, Tom. I --- (look) for you all morning. Where have you been? 3. Why --- (you/took) at me like that? Stop it! 4. We always go to Ireland for our holidays. We --- (go) there for years. 5. I --- (think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice. 6. 'Is Ann on holiday this week?' 'No, she ---e (work).' 7. Sarah is very tired. She --- (work) very hard recently. UNIT 10. Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done) A. Study these example situations: Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been Painting is the present perfect We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished.
The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. 'Has painted' is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not in the activity itself. Compare these examples: * My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it. * She's been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less. Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty. * It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? * Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? Have you ever played tennis?
B. We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity that is still happening): * How long have you been reading that book? * Mary is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day. * They've been playing tennis since Date: 2015-02-03; view: 1324
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