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The Twentieth Century

The history of American legal culture in the twentieth century is only beginning to be written. Even the second edition of Lawrence M. Friedman A History of American Law ( 1985) gives only passing attention to the period. There is no single legal history of the century, although students of American public law have lavished great attention on the Supreme Court and developments surrounding it. Paul L. Murphy, The Constitution in Crisis Times 1918-1969 ( 1972), offers a good introduction to basic developments in constitutional law set against Murphy's fine understanding of the social and cultural context of the period. Murphy World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States ( 1979) is particularly good at connecting the experiences of the war with the development of interest in the preservation of civil liberties. In a somewhat related vein, Norman Rosenberg, Protecting the Best Men: An Interpretive History of the Law of Libel ( 1986), brings shape to twentieth-century developments in another important area of First Amendment law.

Scholars have only begun to explore the history of contemporary criminal justice, but Mark H. Haller , "Urban Crime and Criminal Justice: The Chicago Case," Journal of American History 57 ( 1960), provides an excellent example of the ways in which professional policing, crime control, and social upheaval in the cities shaped the behavior of the criminal justice system. On the growth of the federal criminal enforcement machinery, see Richard G. Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover ( 1987), and Kenneth O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace ( 1983).

Civil rights have been an important theme during the century, one that grew in significance after the Supreme Court began in the early 1940s to give greater attention to it and the NAACP developed a coherent litigation strategy. For a critical assessment of the relationship of the bar to these developments, see Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America ( 1976). On the early development of the NAACP's litigation strategy, see William B. Hixson Jr., "Moorfield Storey and the Struggle for Equality," Journal of American History 60 ( 1968). The role of the black bar and the Communist party is discussed in Charles H. Martin , The Angelo Herndon Case and Southern Justice ( 1976). Yet another vantage point on these matters is William H. Harbaugh, Lawyer's Lawyer: The Life of John W. Davis ( 1973), a fine biography of the man who represented segregationist interests in Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954). The most authoritative (and critical) treatment of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund lawyers is Mark V. Tushnet, The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925-1950 ( 1987). On the difficulties of implementing the Brown decision, see Tony A. Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation ( 1984).

Twentieth-century legal thought is another area that has received considerable attention, especially the rise of the legal realist movement. Interpretations vary considerably, however. Wilfred E. Rumble Jr., American Legal Realism: Skepticism, Reform, and the Judicial Process ( 1968), is good at connecting the movement in law schools to larger philosophical developments. G. Edward White, Patterns of American Legal Thought ( 1978), is also valuable, as are John W. Johnson, American Legal Culture, 1908-1940 ( 1981) and Laura Kalman, Legal Realism at Yale 1927-1960 ( 1986). Edward A. Purcell Jr., "American Jurisprudence between the Wars: Legal Realism and the Crisis of Democratic Theory," The American Historical Review 75 ( 1969), does a good job of showing how legal realism crumbled before the twin challenges of nazism and Catholic natural law theology. The connections between legal realism and critical legal studies (with some attention to the policy science and law and economic approaches) is examined in G. Edward White, "From Realism to Critical Legal Studies: A Truncated Intellectual History," Southwestern Law Journal 40 ( 1986).



The extent to which legal realism penetrated the New Deal remains in dispute. Christopher Tomlins , The State and the Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement, 1880-1960 ( 1985), argues that the labor reforms wrought by the New Deal had little real

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consequence for workers and that, on balance, they were probably of greater value to corporate managers. Peter H. Irons, The New Deal Lawyers ( 1982), has fashioned an insightful study of lawyers as litigators and administrators in the New Deal. It is in this group of lawyers that Irons locates the beginnings of contemporary legal liberalism.

There has been considerable debate about the extent to which legal culture after World War II differed from earlier generations. The "law explosion" is addressed in Marc Galanter, "Reading the Landscape of Disputes: What We Know and Don't Know (and Think We Know) about Our Allegedly Contentious and Litigious Society," UCLA Law Review 31 ( 1983). Substantive legal developments have attracted some attention, although much remains to be done. The concept of the "new property" (e.g., entitlements) is examined in Charles A. Reich, "The New Property," Yale Law Journal 73 ( 1964). The evolution of landlord-tenant relations is the subject of Mary Ann Glendon "The Transformation of American Landlord-Tenant Law," Boston College Law Review 23 ( 1982). The increasing importance of zoning law is discussed in Seymour I. Toll, Zoned America ( 1969). Contract law has received serious attention, especially when taken in comparison with the spread of tort and tortlike concepts. Grant Gilmore, The Death of Contract ( 1974), argues that classical contract law had given way before increasingly powerful tort concepts. Edward J. Murphy and Richard E. Speidel, eds., Studies in Contract Law, 3rd Ed. ( 1984), insist that contract law retained considerable vitality. G. Edward White, Tort Law in America ( 1980), places the debate in its intellectual context and shows why tort has captured this century's legal imagination, just as contract did in the nineteenth.

These and other areas require more scholarly attention. Historians know more about the origins of the regulatory state than they do about its operation in this century, especially in the era after World War II. The best (and only) general survey is Robert L. Rabin, "Federal Regulation in Historical Perspective," Stanford Law Review 38 ( 1986). One part of the regulatory apparatus, that involving nuclear power, is treated in John W. Johnson, Insuring against Disaster: The Nuclear Industry on Trial ( 1986), although most of Johnson's attention is devoted to litigation surrounding the Price-Anderson Act rather than day-to-day regulation.

Scholars of every ideological stripe and in numerous scholarly disciplines have lavished attention on the Supreme Court and contemporary American constitutional development. Often what scholars believe the justices should do in the future has informed their analyses of what they did in the past. Some conservatives have argued that the federal courts generally, and the Supreme Court specifically, have composed an "imperial" force that has overridden the wishes of the popularly elected branches. Raoul Berger, for example, has argued that federal judges should be bound by the concept of original intent (what the framers said goes, and if they were silent then the matter belongs to the legislature and not the courts), while liberals believe that judges ought to measure the framers' intentions against present realities and that judges have the duty to protect minority rights from majority encroachment. The debate is nicely summarized in Raoul Berger, "Paul Brest' s Brief for an Imperial Judiciary," Maryland Law Review 40 ( 1981). Berger's historical reasoning, however, is effectively challenged in H. Jefferson Powell, "The Original Understanding of Original Intent," Harvard Law Review 98 ( 1985). That the Supreme Court has been far from accepting of all minorities, however, is ably demonstrated in Michal Belknap , Cold War Political Justice: The Smith Act, the Communist Party, and American Civil Liberties ( 1977). The propensities of the federal legal system to mete out harsh penalties to dissenters and oddballs is discussed in Stanley I. Kutler, The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War ( 1982). Finally, for an able study of the Court's history in brief compass, see William M. Wiecek, Liberty and the Law: The Supreme Court in American Life ( 1988).

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Table of Cases

  Abrams v. U.S., 250 U.S. 616 ( 1919), 263
  Adair v. U.S., 208 U.S. 161 ( 1908), 244
  Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 ( 1948), 313, 319
  Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 ( 1923), 243, 279
  Alberts v. California, 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957), 317
  Albertson v. S.A.C.B., 382 U.S. 70 ( 1965), 315
  Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 ( 1897), 236
  Andover and Medford Turnpike Corp. v. Abraham Gould, 6 Mass. 40 ( 1809), 110
  Anonymous, 55 Ala. 428 ( 1876), 166
  Atkins v. Kansas, 191 U.S. 222 ( 1903), 241
  Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 ( 1922), 239
  Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 918 ( 1962), 312
  Barton v. Baltimore, 7 Pet. 243 ( 1833), 117
  Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 ( 1977), 289
  Bayard v. Singleton, 1 Mart. 42 ( N.C. 1787), 64
  Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U.S. 809 ( 1975), 316
  Bogni v. Perotti, 224 Mass. 152 ( 1916), 245
  Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954), 323
  Dr. Bonham's Case, King's Bench, 5 Coke's Report 107 ( 1610), 54
  Bowers v. Hardwick, 106 S. Ct. 2841 ( 1986), 320
  Bradwell v. Illinois, 16 Wall. 131 ( 1873), 217, 328
  Brandenburg v. Ohio, 393 U.S. 948 ( 1969), 315
  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954), 264, 287, 323-24, 326-27
  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955), 324, 326-27
  Brown v. Kendall, 60 Mass. 292 ( 1850), 124
  Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 ( 1936), 321
  Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 ( 1917), 265
  Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 ( 1927), 158
  Budd v. New York, 143 U.S. 517 ( 1892), 222-23

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  Bunting v. Oregon, 243 U.S. 426 ( 1917), 242-43
  Burcher v. People, 41 Col. 495 ( 1907), 240
  Cary v. Daniels, 49 Mass. 466 ( 1844), 116
  Cato v. State, 9 Fla. 163 ( 1860), 133
  Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. (The Chinese Exclusion Case), 130 U.S. 594 ( 1889), 149
  Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 420 ( 1837), 97, 117, 118
  Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 1 ( 1831), 147
  Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U.S. 458 ( 1890), 235
  Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419 ( 1793), 76
  Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 ( 1883), 146
  Commonwealth v. Aves, 35 Mass. 193 ( 1836), 140
  Commonwealth v. Bangs, 9 Mass. 369 ( 1812), 162
  Commonwealth v. Beatty, 15 Pa.5 ( 1900), 240
  Commonwealth v. Hamilton Manufacturing Co., 120 Mass. 383 ( 1876), 240
  Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. 45 ( 1842), 113, 125, 244
  Commonwealth v. M'Closeky, 2 Rawle 374 ( Pa. 1830), 109
  Commonwealth v. Pullis, Mayor's Court of Philadelphia ( 1806), 112, 113
  Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958), 324
  Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 ( 1915), 244
  Currie's Administrators v. The Mutual Assurance Society, 14 Va. 315 ( 1809), 109
  Dana v. Valentine, 46 Mass. 8 ( 1842), 119
  Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 ( 1970), 292
  Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518 ( 1819), 110, 111, 118, 123
  Debs v. U.S., 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919), 263
  Debs, In re, 158 U.S. 564 ( 1895), 245
  Dennis v. U.S., 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951), 314-15
  Devanbagh v. Devanbagh, 5 Paige 554 ( N.Y. 1836), 156
  Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 How. 393 ( 1857), 84, 141-42, 145, 232
  Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954), 302
  Edwards v. Habib, 397 F.2d 687 (D.C. Cir. 1968), 294
  Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962), 318
  Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 ( 1938), 283
  Farwell v. Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation, 45 Mass. 49 ( 1842), 125
  Fay v. New York, 332, U.S. 261 ( 1947), 328
  Fenton v. Reed, 4 Johns 52 ( N.Y. 1809), 154
  Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch 87 ( 1810), 83-84, 123
  Ford v. Ford, 7 Hum. 95 ( Tenn. 1846), 133
  Frasher v. State, 3 Tex. Ct. of App. 263 ( 1877), 157
  Frohwerk v. U.S., 249 U.S. 204 ( 1919), 263
  Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 ( 1973), 329
  Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 ( 1980), 331
  Gaillardet v. Demaries, 18 La. 491 ( 1841), 135
  Gault, In re, 387 U.S. 1 ( 1967), 321
  Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963), 321
  Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925), 264
  Godcharles & Co. v. Wigeman, 113 Pa. St. 431 ( 1886), 243
  Goldberg v. Kollsman Instrument Corp., 12 N.Y. 2d 432 ( 1963), 298
  Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975), 289
  Green v. County Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 ( 1968), 326
  Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, 59 Cal. 2d. 57 ( 1963), 298
  Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976), 302

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  Grey v. Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 1 Grant Cas. 413 ( 1856), 119
  Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 ( 1965), 318
  Guinn v. U.S., 238 U.S. 347 ( 1915), 147, 265
  Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 375 ( 1918), 239
  Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 32 N.J. 358 ( 1960), 298
  Hirabayashi v. U.S., 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943), 265
  Hoffman v. Red Owl Stores, Inc., 26 Wis. 2d 683 ( 1965), 295
  Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 ( 1898), 241
  Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 ( 1934), 278
  Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57 ( 1961), 328
  Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884), 263-64, 265
  ICC v. Alabama Midland Railway Co., 168 U.S. 144 ( 1897), 235
  Irwin v. Phillips, 5 Cal. 146 ( 1855), 117
  Ives v. South Buffalo Railway Company, 201 N.Y. 271 ( 1911), 244
  Jacobs, In re, 98 N.Y. 98 ( 1885), 238
  Jackson, Ex parte, 96 U.S. 727 ( 1877), 161
  Javins v. First National Realty Corp., 428 F.2d 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1970), 294
  Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 44 L.W. 4379 ( 1987), 331
  Jones v. Van Zandt, 13 Fed. Cas. 1048 (C.C.D. Ohio 1843), 141
  Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U.S. 351 ( 1974), 329
  Knoxville Iron Co. v. Harbison, 183 U.S. 13 ( 1901), 243
  Korematsu v. U.S., 323 U.S. 214 ( 1944), 265
  Kuback, Ex parte, 85 Cal. 274 ( 1890), 240
  Laidlaw v. Organ, 2 Wheat. 178 ( 1817), 121
  Lexington & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Applegate et al., 38 Ky. 289 ( 1839), 127
  Lewis v. Carradan ( Pa. 1786), unpublished opinion, but quoted at length in Marshall v. Campbell, 1 Yeates 35 ( Pa. 1791), 46
  Lionshead Lake, Inc. v. Wayne Tp., 10 N.J. 182 ( 1952), 293
  Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 ( 1905), 241-42, 282
  Lockwood, Ex parte, 154 U.S. 116 ( 1894), 217
  MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382 ( 1916), 298
  McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 ( 1819), 91
  McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 ( 1950), 322
  McPherson v. Ryan, 59 Mich. 33 ( 1886), 153
  Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 ( 1964), 321
  Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 ( 1961), 320
  Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 ( 1803), 80, 83-84
  Marino v. Lehmaier, 173 N.Y. 530 ( 1903), 239
  Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego, 453 U.S. 490 ( 1981), 316
  Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973), 318
  Minor v. Happersett, 21 Wall. 163 ( 1875), 328
  Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966), 321
  Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, 298 U.S. 587 ( 1936), 278
  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association v. State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Co., 463 U.S. 29 ( 1983), 307
  Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 ( 1908), 240, 328
  Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 ( 1877), 235
  Murray v. South Carolina R. R., 26 So. Car. L. 385 ( 1841), 125
  National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 58 ( 1937), 282
  Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931), 317
  Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 553 ( 1935), 278

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  New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 ( 1932), 278
  New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964), 316
  New York Times v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713 ( 1964), 316
  Nixon v. Herndon, 273 U.S. 536 ( 1927), 265
  Office of Communications of the United Church of Christ v. FCC, 359 2d 994 (D.C. Cir. 1966), 306
  Olmstead v. U.S., 279 U.S. 849 ( 1925), 319
  Oregon v. Charley Lee [Quang] et al., 7 Or. 237 ( 1879), 149
  Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 ( 1937), 313
  Palmer v. Mulligan, 3 Cai. R. 307 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1805), 115
  Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 ( 1935), 280
  Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 ( 1907), 262
  People v. Fisher, 14 Wend. 6 (New York Court for the Correction of Errors, 1835), 113
  People v. Gillson, 109 N.Y. 389 ( 1888), 232
  People v. Orange County Road Construction Co., 175 N.Y. 84 ( 1903), 240-41
  People v. Ringe, 197 N.Y. 143 ( 1910), 232-33
  People v. Sanger, 22 N.Y. 192 ( 1918), 162
  People v. Williams, 189 N.Y. 131 ( 1907), 240
  Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 400 U.S. 542 ( 1971), 329
  Pittsburgh Cordwainers Case. In Report of the Trial of the Journeymen Cordwainers of the Borough of Pittsburgh, Commonwealth v. Morrow, 1815, In Commons, IV, 16, 113
  Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896), 147, 219, 322-23, 330
  Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 ( 1895), 238
  Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895), 238
  Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932), 265, 321
  Powelson v. Powelson, 22 Cal. 358 ( 1863), 165-66
  Prather v. Prather, 4 Des. 33 (S.C. 1809), 166
  Priestly v. Fowler, 150 Eng. Rep. 1030 (Exc. 1837), 125
  Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539 ( 1842). 139
  Pynchon v. Brewster, Quincy 224 ( Mass. 1766), 46
  Queen v. Hicklin, 3 Q.B. 360 ( 1868), 161
  Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 ( 1971), 329
  Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 438 U.S. 265 ( 1978), 331
  Regina v. McNaghten, 8 Eng. Rep. 718 ( 1843), 186
  Reserve Mining Co. v. EPA, 514 F.2d 492 (8th Cir. 1975), 307
  Reynold V. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878), 157
  Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U.S. 350 ( 1920), 181
  Ritchie v. People, 155 Ill. 106 ( 1893), 240
  Roberts v. City of Boston, 59 Mass. 198 ( 1849), 143
  Rodenbaugh v. Shanks, 2 Watts 9 ( Pa. 1833), 154
  Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973), 319, 330
  Rostker v. Goldberg, 101 S. Crt. Rpt. 1 ( 1981), 329
  Roth v. U.S., 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957), 317
  Sands v. Taylor, 5 Johns 395 ( N.Y. 1810), 120
  Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co., 118 U.S. ( 1886) 557, 234
  Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. FPC, 354 F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1965), 306
  Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935), 280, 282
  Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919), 263
  Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 ( 1975), 329
  Seixas v. Woods, 2 Cai. R. 48 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804), 121
  Sims, In re, 61 Mass. 285 ( 1851), 141

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  Slaughterhouse Cases, 16 Wall. 36 ( 1873), 233
  Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 ( 1944), 322
  Somerset v. Stewart, 98 Eng. Rep. 499 (K.B. 1772), 130, 137-40, 142
  Souther v. Commonwealth, 7 Grattan 673 (Va. 1851), 133
  Spear v. Grant, 16 Mass. 14 ( 1819), 110
  Spencer v. Campbell, 9 Watts & Serg. 32 (Pa. 1845), 125
  State v. Hairston and Williams, 63 N.C. 451 ( 1877), 157
  State v. Mann, 13 N.C. 263 ( 1829), 131
  State v. Nathan, Slave of Gabriel South, 5 Rich. 219 (S.C. 1851), 134
  State v. Santee, 111 Iowa 1 ( 1900), 232
  State v. Shorey, 48 Or. 396 ( 1906), 239
  State v. Walker, 36 Kan. 297 ( 1887), 155
  State v. Welton, 55 Mo. 288 ( 1874), 236
  Steele v. Curie, 34 Ky. 390 ( 1836), 127
  Stephen v. State, 11 Ga. 225 ( 1852), 133
  Stewart Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548 ( 1937), 283
  Strauder v. West Virginia 100 U.S. 303 ( 1880), 264
  Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931), 264
  Sturges & Burns Manufacturing Co. v. Beauchamp, 231 U.S. 325 ( 1913), 239
  Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. ( 1971), 327
  Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 626 ( 1950), 322
  Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. I ( 1842), 122, 229, 283
  Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397 ( 1852), 125-26
  Timrod v. Schoolbred, 1 Bay 324 (S.C. 1793), 136
  Trevett v. Weeden, (R.I. 1786) unreported opinion, but cited in James M. Varnum, The Case, Trevett against Weeden ( 1786), 64
  True v. Raney, 21 N.H. 53 ( 1850), 156
  U.S.v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 ( 1936), 280-81
  U.S.v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 ( 1938), 313
  U.S.v. Thomas Cooper, 25 Fed. Cas. 631 (C.C.D. Pa. 1800), 78
  U.S.v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941), 283
  U.S.v. John Fries, 9 Fed. Cas. 826 (C.C.D. Pa. 1800), 77
  U.S.v. Henfield, 11 Fed. Cas. 1099 (C.C.D. Pa. 1793), 85
  U.S.v. Hudson & Goodwin, 7 Cranch 32 ( 1812), 85, 168
  U.S.v.E.C. Knight, 158 U.S. 1 ( 1895), 237, 280
  U.S.v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 ( 1984), 321
  U.S.v. Mitchell, 26 Fed. Cas. 1277 (C.C.D. Pa. 1795), 77
  U.S.v. Paradise, 55 L.W. 4211 ( 1987), 331
  U.S.v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258 ( 1967), 315
  U.S.v. Vigol, 28 Fed. Cas. 376 (C.C.D. Pa. 1795), 77
  U.S.v. Workingmen's Amalgamated Council of New Orleans, 54 Fed. Rep. 994 ( 1893), 245
  U.S.v. Robert Worrall 28 Fed. Cas. 774 (C.C.D. Pa. 1798), 85
  United Steelworkers Union v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 ( 1979), 331
  Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 388 ( 1926), 293
  Vose v. Grant, 15 Mass. 505 ( 1819), 110
  Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois, 188 U.S. 557 ( 1886), 205, 235
  Weaver v. Bachert, 2 Pa. 80 ( 1843), 152
  Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 ( 1914), 320
  Welton v. Missouri, 91 U.S. 275 ( 1876), 237
  West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 ( 1937), 282
  West River Bridge v. Dix, 6 How. 507 ( 1848), 118

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  Whetzel v. Jess Fisher Management Co., 282 F.2d 943 (D.C. Cir. 1960), 294
  Wickard v. Filbum, 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942), 283
  Wightman v. Coates, 15 Mass. 2 ( 1818), 151
  Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445 (D.C. Cir. 1965), 295
  Winterbottom v. Wright, 152 Eng. Rep. 402 ( 1842), 125
  Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949), 320
  Wright v. Weatherly, 7 Yer. 367 (Tenn. 1835), 135
  Wynehamer v. People, 13 N.Y. ( 1856), 232
  Yik Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 ( 1886), 148, 264
  "The Zenger Case [The Trail of John Peter Zenger]", (N.Y. 1735), in Stanley N. Katz, ed., A Brief Narrative of the Case and Trial of John Peter Zenger ( 1963), 23, 107

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Index

  AAA, 273, 280-81, 283
  AALS, 219, 257-58
  ABA, 199, 208, 215-16, 219, 221, 227, 257-60, 268, 288-89, 299, 303
  Abolitionism. See Antislavery
  Abortion, 30, 158, 160, 162-63, 185, 316, 330. See also Privacy; Women
  Absolute domain, 45, 119
  Absolute liability, 124-26. See also Strict liability
  Accidents, 123-24, 228, 297. See also Tort law
  ACLU, 248, 260-64, 302, 309, 317, 322
  Act of Supremacy, 51
  Adams, John, 53, 56-57, 59, 77-78, 82-83, 169, 173
  Adams, John Quincy, 89, 185
  Adams, Samuel, 57, 171
  Administrative law, 5, 7, 271, 274, 276, 283, 303-6
  Administrative law agencies, 5, 203-4, 267, 283- 85, 303-6, 334
  Administrative Procedures Act of 1946. See APA
  Admiralty and maritime law, 21, 72, 75. See also Prize law; Wrecks, law of
  Adoption, 158, 163-64
  Adultery, 26, 33, 37, 169
  AEC, 304-6
  Affirmative action, 330-31, 335
  AFL, 200, 245, 275
  Agency law, 269
  Agricultural Adjustment Act. See AAA
  Agriculture, 13-14, 41, 93, 115, 190-91, 276
  Airline Deregulation Act: of 1978, 307
  Alabama, 84, 132-33, 136, 138, 164, 166, 200, 259, 283, 318, 325, 329, 331
  Alameda County, Calif., 179, 184
  Albany, N.Y., 30
  ALI, 267-69, 295
  Allen, William, 41
  Amending process, 71, 319-20, 329
  Amendments. See Constitution ( U.S.)
  American Bar Association. See ABA
  American Civil Liberties Union. See ACLU
  American Federation of Labor, See AFL
  American Fund for Public Service, 261
  American Judicature Society, 259
  American Jurist, 108
  American Law Institute. See ALI
  American Law Review, 231
  American Lawyer, 212
  American League for the Limitation of Armaments, 260
  American Legal Association, 215
  American Medical Association, 162, 299
  American Railway Union, 245
  American Revolution, 13, 19, 26-27, 34, 36, 38, 40, 44, 49-50, 69, 87, 96, 100, 106, 119- 20, 129, 141, 150, 169, 175
  American Social Science Association, 216
  American Socialist Party, 263
  American Sugar Refining Corporation, 237
  American Union Against Militarism, 260
  Amicus curiae, 261
  Anarchism, 247, 250
  Ancient lights, 114
  Andrew, George W., 318
  Andros, Governor Edmund, 56
  Angell, Joseph, 115
  Anglican Church, 14, 26
  Annulment, 156
  Anthropomentry, 180

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  Antidrummer legislation, 194
  Antifederalists, 69, 71-72, 74, 76. See also Federalist party
  Antiriot laws, 57, 326
  Antislavery, 130, 137-38, 143-44, 147, 177, 204, 257. See also Fugitive Slavery; Slavery
  Antitrust, 197, 236-37, 272
  APA, 303
  Apportionment, 312
  Aquinas, Thomas, 162
  Arbitration, 27, 86, 228, 296
  Arizona, 163-64
  Arkansas, 90, 135, 147, 159, 296
  Arkansas Supreme Court, 243
  Army ( U.S.), 74, 191, 204, 325
  Articles of Confederation, 65-66, 92
  Asbestos, 307
  Assassination, 287. See also specific individuals
  Assaults, 30. See also Crime; Criminal justice; Criminal law
  Assemblies, 24-25. See also Legislatures (state)
  Association of American Law Schools. See AALS
  Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 214
  Assumption of risk, 124-25, 202
  Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, 232
  Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 304
  Atomic Energy Commission. See AEC
  Attica ( N.Y.) prison, 302
  Attorney General ( U.S.), 249-50, 325
  Auburn ( N.Y.) prison, 174-75
  Augustus, John, 180
  Austin, Benjamin, 79
  Australia, 181
  Australian ballot, 196
  Auto Safety Act of 1966, 305
  Automobile, 187, 228, 293, 297, 305. See also Tort law; Zoning
  Baby M case, 296. See also Surrogate parenthood
  Baby-boom generation, 287. See also Crime
  Bacon's Rebellion, 40, 56
  Bacon, Francis, 31
  Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 40
  Bad tendency test, 262-63
  Bail, 180
  Bailyn, Bernard, 54
  Bakke, Allan, 331
  Balanced government, 63-64, 70. See also Mixed government
  Balancing test, 114-15, 119
  Baldwin, Roger, 260-61
  Baldwin, Simeon E., 215
  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 200
  Baltimore, Lord, 40
  Bank of England, 51
  Bank of the United States, 89-91
  Banking, 90, 97, 102, 191, 272
  Banknotes, 46, 90, 97
  Bankruptcy, 101, 207, 208
  Bankruptcy Acts of 1800, 1841, 1867, 1898, 101-2, 207-8
  Banns (matrimonial), 153, 155
  Bar admission. See Bar examinations
  Bar associations, 214-15, 221, 225, 228, 259, 289. See also Lawyers
  Bar examinations, 257-58. See also Lawyers
  Bar integration, 259
  Barnard, George G., 214
  Barnett, Ross, 325
  Barnum, Phineas T., 161
  Bastards, 33, 164, 300
  Bates, Sanford, 255
  Battery, 32
  Beccaria, 169-71, 174
  Behavioral science, 269-71
  Belladonna, 125
  Benefit of clergy, 31, 132
  Benevolent corporations. See Corporations
  Bentham, Jeremy, 126
  Benton, Thomas H., 91
  Berger, Raoul, 312
  Berger, Victor, 250
  Berkshire Mountains, 192
  Bernard, Francis, 54
  Best interest of child doctrine, 166
  Bestiality, 33
  Beverly, Mass., 61
  Bible, 14, 26, 31, 33
  Bickel, Alexander, 311
  Bigamy, 154
  Bill of exchange, 46, 122
  Bill of Rights (British), 51
  Bill of Rights ( U.S.), 11, 71, 168, 319-20 and incorporation theory, 145, 262, 264, 313. See also Civil liberties; Civil rights; Constitution ( U.S.)
  Bills of rights (state), 62, 262. See also Civil liberties; Civil rights
  Billings, Edward C., 245
  Birney, James G., 138
  Birth control, 158, 160-62, 287, 300, 318-19, 334
  Bishop, Joel P., 151, 167
  Black Codes, 143-46, 157
  Black list, 200, 275
  Black, Donald, 3
  Black, Hugo, 283, 314, 318-19
  Blackmun, Harry, 317, 319
  Blacks, 7, 38, 62, 129, 173, 188, 195, 218, 261- 62, 276, 309. See also Civil rights; NAACP; Race; Segregation
  and affirmative action, 330-31
  and legal profession, 19, 216-19, 258-59, 288
  Blackstone, Sir William, 45, 52-53, 70, 144. See also Constitution (British)
  Blatchford, Samuel, 235, 236
  Board of Trade, 17
  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 85
  Bonds, 192
  Bonesana, Ceasare, Marquis of Beccaria. See Beccaria
  Boorstin; Daniel J., 132
  Bork, Robert H., 312

-384-

  Boston Journeymen Bootmakers' Society, 113
  Boston Massacre, 53, 57, 169
  Boston Municipal Court, 113
  Boston Prison Discipline Society, 174
  Boston, Mass., 13, 29, 33, 40, 50, 54, 55, 56, 67, 79, 97, 113, 118, 137, 138, 140, 143, 162, 176-78, 180, 192, 212, 217, 227
  Boycott, 113, 244
  Brace, Charles Loring, 168
  Bradley, Joseph P., 146, 217
  Bradway, John, 290
  Bradwell, Myra, 217, 328
  Brandeis, Louis D., 217, 223-24, 226, 240, 277, 278, 281-83, 310, 319
  Branding, 32. See also Punishment
  Breach-of-promise suits, 151-53
  Brennan, William J., 310
  Brewer, David J., 222-23
  Bribery, 84, 98
  Bricker, John, 314
  Britain. See England
  British Empire, 88
  Brockway, Zebulon R., 179, 181-82
  Brooke, Francis, 30
  Brown, Henry Billings, 147
  Buck, Carrie, 158
  Buggery, 26, 33
  Bureau of Investigation ( U.S.), 256. See also FBI
  Bureau of Labor ( U.S.), 208
  Bureau of Prisons ( U.S.), 255, 301
  Bureaucracy, 190, 204, 292. See also Administrative law agencies
  Burger Court, 316
  Burger, Warren, 308-10, 317, 329
  Burgesses, House of, 16, 20, 40, 44. See also Assemblies
  Burglary, 169-70. See also Crime; Criminal law
  Burleson, Albert S., 250
  Burnet, William, 22
  Burroughs, Stephen, 171
  Business, 200, 228, 273, 304. See also Corporations
  Busing, 326-27
  Butcher's Protective Association, 199
  Butler, Pierce, 277
  California, 10, 103, 163, 195, 198, 252, 264
  the bar of, 213, 218
  courts of, 227-28
  criminal justice system of, 179, 184, 187, 301- 2
  and domestic relations, 165-66, 300
  and Field Code, 127
  and landlord and tenant law, 294
  and married women's property, 159
  and riparian rights, 117
  tort law in, 125
  California Adult Authority, 302
  California General Assembly, 264
  California Supreme Court, 117, 227, 240, 298
  California Youth Authority, 302
  "The Call for a Realist Jurisprudence" ( 1931), 270
  Calverts, 18
  Calvinism, 58
  Campbell, John A., 136
  Canada, 10
  Canals, 89, 95, 100, 117
  Capitalism, 17, 22, 28, 35, 37, 41, 43, 50, 52, 67, 167, 169, 174, 200, 221
  Capone, Al, 254
  Cardozo, Albert, 214
  Cardozo, Benjamin N., 214, 270, 277, 280-81, 298, 313
  Carnegie Foundation, 258
  Carolinas, 26, 53
  Carswell, G. Harold, 310
  Carter, Jimmy, 307
  Case(book) method, 219-20, 271, 290
  Case reserved, 108
  Castle Island, Mass., 171
  Catholic Church, 14, 165, 217, 251, 288, 319
  Cato's Letters, 51
  Caveat emptor, 121-22, 136, 295. See also Contract law
  Censorship, 161, 249
  Central High School, Little Rock, Ark., 324
  Central Pacific Railroad, 198
  Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 262-63
  Chain gang, 146
  Chamberlain, Joseph, 155
  Chancery courts, 21-22
  Charges for cause, 173
  Charles River Bridge, 97, 117-18
  Charles Town, S.C., 20
  Charleston, S.C., 169, 176
  Charlestown, Mass., 97, 118
  Charlotte, N.C., 327
  Chase, Salmon P., 137-39
  Chase, Samuel, 75, 77-78, 81-82
  Cherry Hill, Pa., 175
  Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, 89
  Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 89
  Chesapeake colonies, 13, 14, 18, 20, 26, 29, 31- 33, 36, 38, 41, 43-46
  Chester County, Pa., 24
  Cheyenne, Wyo., 199
  Chicago Women's Club, 183
  Chicago, Ill., 183-84, 199, 212, 234, 245, 253- 54, 259, 288-89, 299
  Child, Dr. Robert, 16, 18
  Child labor, 197, 201, 209, 239, 273
  Children, 29, 150-51, 163-64, 166, 175-76, 184, 187, 200-202, 238, 279, 287, 292
  China, 314
  Chinese, 129, 146-49, 157, 248, 264
  Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882, 1892, 1902, 149
  Chipman, Daniel, 120
  Cholera, 93
  Church and state, 26. See also Freedom of religion
  Cincinnati, Ohio, 137, 177, 179-80
  Circuit Court of Appeals ( U.S.), 229-30
  Circuit Court of Appeals Act of 1891, 229, 230
  Circuit courts ( U.S.), 75
  Circuit riding, 75, 78, 80, 229
  Citizenship, 65, 71, 142, 145, 250, 328

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Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1161


  Civil disobedience, 56, 137-38, 141, 286, 325
  Civil law, 9-10, 107, 116, 126, 143, 159, 171, 294, 333
  Civil liberties, 248-50, 257, 262-63, 284, 309, 313-15, 335
  Civil litigation, 227. See also Litigation
  Civil rights, 248, 257, 261, 264, 284, 293, 301- 2, 309-10, 322, 327, 335
  Civil Rights Act of 1866, 157
  Civil Rights Act of 1875, 145-46
  Civil Rights Act of 1957, 325
  Civil Rights Act of 1964, 325, 327, 329-31
  Civil Rights Act of 1968, 293, 326
  Civil Rights Commission ( U.S.), 325
  Civil rights movement, 316, 325
  Civil War, 84, 86, 87, 94, 99, 104, 106, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 120, 124, 127, 128, 130, 136, 137, 143-44, 149, 175, 176, 178, 182, 185, 189, 193, 194, 204, 207-9, 211, 212, 216, 218, 221, 223, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237, 246, 248
  Civilian Conservation Corps, 272
  Clark, Kenneth, 323
  Clark, Tom, 321
  Clarke, John H., 263
  Clay, Henry, 90
  Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, 207, 245
  Clean Air Amendments, 305
  Clear and present danger test, 263
  Cleveland, Grover, 190, 205
  Cleveland, Ohio, 254, 287, 320
  Clinics, legal, 290
  Closed shop, 112, 113, 304
  Coates, Joshua, 151, 152
  Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, 161
  Code Napoleon ( 1804). See French Civil Code
  Codes. See Codifications
  Codification, 9-10, 15-16, 80, 126-27, 171, 268
  Coke, Sir Edward, 17, 52, 54
  Cold War, 286, 314-15. See also Civil liberties
  Collinsville, Ill., 250
  Colorado, 217
  Colorado constitutional convention, 1875-76, 193
  Colorado Supreme Court, 240-41
  Columbia Law Review, 270
  Columbia University Law School, 270, 274, 311
  Columbus, Ohio, 250
  Comity, 139-40. See also Conflict of laws; Fugitive slavery
  Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, ( 1834), 140
  Commentaries on the Law of Promissory Notes ( 1845), 122
  Commentaries on the Laws of England ( 1765-69), 45, 52, 114
  Commercial free speech, 289, 316. See also Constitution ( U.S.), First Amendment
  Commissioner of the Revenue ( U.S.), 85
  Commissions, 198. See also Administrative law agencies
  Committee for the Study of Incarceration, 302
  Common field system, 13
  Common law, 9-21, 16, 17, 20, 54-55, 85, 159, 187, 223, 268-69, 334
  Americanization of, 48, 128, 333
  attack on, 79, 109, 126
  and breach-of-promise suits, 153
  character of, 245
  and child labor, 239
  and codification, 127
  and creditor-debtor relations, 101
  and criminal insanity, 186
  and domestic relations, 151, 155-57, 162, 164, 166
  in early America, 20-22, 26, 43
  and economic development, 106, 109
  and eminent domain power, 100
  and fault principle, 124
  federal, of commerce, 122-23, 229, 283-84
  federal, of crimes, 84, 86, 168
  and freedom of speech, 262
  and grand jury, 172
  and judiciary, 11, 127, 226
  and labor, 112
  and landlord and tenant, 293-94
  and legal realism, 269
  of libel, 315-16
  of master and servant, 124, 134
  of nuisance, 292-93
  and probation, 180
  and public carriers, 125
  reception of, 12, 16, 50, 112, 116
  and slavery, 130
  as source of liberty, 55, 58
  and ultra-hazardous activities, 125-26
  Common law marriage. See Marriage
  The Common Law ( 1881), 223
  Common recovery and fine, 44
  Common Sense, 50, 59
  Commonplace Book, 169
  Commons, John R., 248-49
  Commonwealth concept, 62, 94-95, 99, 113-14
  Communism, 247, 268, 286, 314. See also Communist party
  Communist International, 250
  Communist party, 249, 251-52, 257, 260-62
  Community property system, 159
  Communication Relations' Service ( U.S.), 325
  Comparative negligence, 297
  Compromise of 1820, 142 Compromise of 1850, 139. See also Fugitive slavery
  Comstock Act ( 1873), 161. See also Little Comstock Acts; Obscenity
  Comstock, Anthony, 161
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