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Stages of individual work in the class

Study and describe gross specimen:

Brown induration of the lungs. Determine the colour and texture of the specimen in section. In which diseases can we find such pathologies? What reactions do you know which can help to trace iron containing pigments?

Spleen hemosiderosis. Describe appearance of the organ, its colour, size. In which diseases can we find general hemosiderosis?

Spleen hemomelanosis. Describe appearance of the organ, its colour and size. In which disease can we find spleen hemomelanosis?

Liver in posthepatic jaundice. Describe appearance of the organ, its colour, condition of the bile ducts. Name diseases which can be characterized by mechanical jaundice. What is the outcome of bile stasis?

Melanoblastoma of the skin. What is the appearance of the skin? Which pigment is responsible for such skin colour? Which group of pigments is it? How is it classified according to the spread of the process?

The uterus’ calcified fibromyoma. Describe the shape, size,
texture and colour of the calcified area in section. State the
possible changes in the tumour caused by deposition of
calcium salts. What mechanism causes this type of calcinosis?

The femur’s parathyroid osteodystrophy. Describe condition of
the soft and compact core (part) of the bone. What changes
occur in the bone tissue? What mechanism causes this type of
calcinosis and what are the possible organs where we can find
deposition of calcium salts.

Gallstones. Determine the size of the gallbladder. What has filled its cavity? Describe the colour of the stones, the size and the surface. Name the stones of the bile duct according to their chemical composition.

The renal calculi (stones). The appearance of the stones, their shape and surface. Pay attention to the changes in renal tissues. What is the possible outcome of renal stones?

Study, draw and describe the microscopic specimen

Brown induration of the lungs (stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Prussian blue reaction). Name the organ, determine where hemosiderin is accumulated. What is its colour in Prussian blue reaction? What changes are found in alveoli's walls? What is the possible colour of sputum? What is the outcome of this pathology?

Liver in posthepatic jaundice (stained with hematoxylin and eosin). Describe the condition of the bile ducts, capillaries, hepatocytes in posthepatic jaundice, the outcome. When does mechanical jaundice develop most frequently? Study electronograms: brown induration of the lungs. Find siderophag which is cell of heart defect.

Calcified capsule of the thyroid gland (stained with hematoxylin and eosin). Pay attention to the staining with hematoxylin of the large focus of the sclerotised and hyalinated capsule of the thyroid gland. Which type of calcinosis is it?

 

Test

1) Determin haemoglobin pigments which are produced in normal and pathological states: a)..., b)..., c)..., d)... ,e) ... ,f)....

2) Give definition of ferritiemia. How does ferritin influence the vascular wall?



3) The skin and sclera of the patient with stomach haemorrhage became yellowish after blood transfusion. What pigment coloured the skin and sclera? What complication of blood transfusion can you suggest? What type of jaundice has developed? The patient died from decompensation rheumatic valvular defect. Dissection has revealed enlargement of thr lungs with the tissue of brown colour and thick texture. What is the diagnosis?

What can you find in sputum of the patient before the death? What method can be used to reveal iron-containing pigments?

4) What diseases develop when nucleoprotein metabolism is disturbed?

6) Name in which processes calcium salts take place a),b),c)...,d)....

7) Name the types of calcinosis according to the mechanisms by which they are produced a)..., b)..., c)....

8) List the forms of Wilson's disease a)..., b)..., c)....

9) Name the types of urolithiasis according to the chemical components of the stones: a)..., b)..., c)..., d) ..., e)....

Answers: 1) a) bilirubin, b) haemomelanin, c) hemosiderin, d) hematoidin, e) ferritin, f) porphyrin. 2) increased quantity of ferritin in the blood, vascular collapse and hypotensive effects; 3) bilirubin, incompatible blood transfusion, prehepatic jaundice; 4) brown induration of the lungs, siderophags are the cells of valvular defect, Prussian blue reaction; 5) a) gout, b) urolithiasis, c) urate infarction of newborn kidneys. 6) a) regulation of the acid-alkaline balance, b) blood clotting, c) cell membrane penetration, d) skeleton formation, e) neuro-muscular excitation; 7) a) dystrophic b) metastatic c) metabolic; 8) a) hepatic, b) lenticular, c) hepartolenticular, 9) a) uric, b) oxalates, c) phosphates, d) cysteinic, e) xanthynic;

 

Questions to control the knowledge:

1)What is hemosiderosis? Name its types.

2)Examin the mechanisms of hemosiderin formation.

3)Name types of jaundice depending on the way of its development.

4)Which pathology is caused by bile stasis?

5)Where is hemomelanin accumulated and in what disease?
What is the colour of the organs?

6)In what diseases does porphyria develop?

7) Explane the mechanisms of melanin formation.

8) Give the examples of general and acquired melanosis.

9) What conditions and diseases result in increased quantity of lipofuscin?

10) Name the end products of nucleic acid decomposition.

11) Name the importance of microelements for the organism.

12) In which processes do calcium salts takes place?

13) What is calcium metabolism regulated by?

14) Name the types of calcification according to the mechanisms on their onset.

15) In which organs does petrification often occur?

16) In which organs does deposition of calcium salts occur during metastatic calcification?

17) Name the diseases, which are accompanied by hyper- and hypo - kalemia.

18) Name the forms of Wilson's disease.

19) Name the general and local causes of stone formation.

20) Name the types of cholelithiasis according to the chemical stones’s components .

21) Name the types of uric stones according to theirs components.

22) What does urolithiasis result in?

Terminology

Hemosiderin, hemosiderosis, ferritin, ferritinemia, bilirubin, bilirubinemia, hematoidin, hematin, porphyrin, sideroblast, brown induration of the lungs; hemolytic, obstructive and parenchymatous jaundice, hemomelanin, melanin, melanosis, large intestine melanosis, nevus, melanoma, leukoderma, vitiligo, lipofuscin, gout, urolithiasis, uric acid infarct of the newborn, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, calcinosis, petrification, ossification, microlith, macrolith, lithopedion, caprolith, sialolith, broncholith, arteriolith, phlebolith, cholelithiasis, nephrolithiasis, hypercalciemia, gout, calcifilaxia.


Date: 2016-03-03; view: 798


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Theme: Mixed degenerations. Chromo- and nucleoprotein metabolism disturbance. Disturbances of electrolyte (mineral) metabolism | The theoretical part.
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