Page 100: To the burn of her house.

- In Page 21 he describes his captivity, but he's not represented as a common English soldier: he's an important person, so he's brought to the Emperor. Smith is seen by this people as a murderer who must be killed, so they clean him before his sacrifice. In this important act, only male Indians have voice, but Pocahontas saves him.

- Bartolomé de las Casas(a Dominican) > Indians had soul and must be treated as Christians (he was against the slavery and violence).

- Irish were catholic, but they were treated as rubbish.

- For English, the Indian were RED DEVILS.

· New lands are always represented by women (this comes from Classical times).

· The man (the conqueror): all dressed, meaning civilization (the more dressed you are, the more civilized).

· The woman (America): she is undressed (uncivilized). She is not angry or frightened. She is surrounded by nature.

- There are some pictures about BBQ in which Indians are cooking human beings > they were described as cannibals and sodomites > they need civilization.

- The more not-human they were, the earlier the conquest will be.

- To the human eyes, Indians were not humans, because if you are a dog, you don’t eat dogs, so if you are a human, you don’t eat humans, because they are like you (and Indians ate humans).

- Smith was a soldier interested in discovering. He can write (different from the other soldiers that cannot).

- His book about Indians was published in 1624. He had already written another book published in 1607: A true relation.

- This book is not a biography, but a chronicle. He talks about himself as Captain Smith (using the 3^rd person).

- He wants to legitimize himself as the conqueror, as the founder of Virginia (Jamestown).

- He gives information about Indians. His work is used as a tourist guide inspired in other chronicles.

- He is not recognized by his own people.

Something about Pocahontas…

1. Matoaka (her real name) is born around 1596.

2. The traditional story of her rescue of Captain John Smith in 1607 and her continued relationship with him, and her help to the people of Jamestown.

3. John Smith writes A true relation in 1608 > Pocahontas does not appear.

4. Her abduction by Captain Argall in 1612 and subsequent captivity at Jamestown.

5. Her conversion to the Christian faith and her becoming Rebecca in 1613 while living in Jamestown (when you change your faith, you also change your name).

6. Her marriage to John Rolfe in 1614 and the birth of their son Thomas in 1615.

7. Her trip to England in 1616, including her success there as an ‘Indian Princess’ (her reception at the court of King James I and Queen Anne, her attendance of the Vision of Delight, the Twelfth Night masque staged by Ben Jonson, and her sitting for the Simon Van de Passe engraining of her portrait).

8. Her death and burial at Gravesend in 1617.

9. Her appearance in John Smith’s General Story of Virginia, written in 1624.

- The story of Pocahontas could be an invention made by John Smith, because she was famous and on that way he would appear as a hero (anècdota de Pablo Motos).

- Americans talk as them like ‘Hijos de la Chingara’ (hijos de la Malinche).

- Pocahontas is used by John Smith like these stories in which the woman gives herself to the conqueror > they are possessed military, politically and sexually by the conqueror, they never resist.

- Pocahontas disobeys the Patriarcal role > she disobeys her father> STOP FATHER!!!!!! (Sento)

- Pocahontas is recognizing English superiority (saving the colonizer, helping the white man> John Smith).

- Literature rewrites literature (now with the appearance of Pocahontas).

- Book 1: Puritan immigration. He wants to legitimize his role as the original settler of English colonies. He tries to write a history of origins because all the communities need a story to know who they are. It is a summary of the incidents that took place until the moment they arrived to the colony (during the crossing of the Atlantic since they left England). He is legitimizing these Puritans as the original people.

- Book 2: Bradford realizes that this utopian dream is dump, that this idea is broken > how the construction of a society through a broken society?

- William Bradford tells the separation between Catholics and Puritans in his first book. > The more you suffer, the better, because you prove your faith with affliction (suffering is good for them> són un poc masoques).

- Bradford uses typology > the Puritans legitimize themselves as the two children of God. He thinks he is rewriting the Bible, that is why they (Puritans) always speak the way they do: God, God, God, God, God, God, God (till getting sick).

- They establish a kind of parallelism with the Old Testament > they need a Moses who saves them from slavery. The Promised Land is America, it is created by God for them, it is waiting for them to come (expressament per a ells). > Children of God (like Messiahs who have to take their civilization, religion and so on around the world).

- Justification of why they have to leave the Low Countries (Chapter 4).

- When he compares, Puritans are always better, THE BEST.

- In page 27 we appreciate the beginning of the idea that they couldn't live in England. Bradford tries to justify why they left that country. They had a lot of work to do. Puritans has to move to prevent their children to become corrupted by the environment.

- In page 39 (chapter IX) there's two parts: the first one takes place in the mid of the Atlantic, while the second one is about their arrival to the New World. Bradford described a lot of troubles through the waters in other to appreciate "the favour of God". He dramatizes the travel: God blesses America, his children. Whatever happens is because God's providence, no faith. There's no way to survive the high waters except the faith or the Will of God. Don't fuck the puritans or you'll have a horrible death: that's the case of the young sailor who makes fun of puritans. > He has to dramatize their trip to make the lecturer know about the hand of God (there are strong winds and other natural disasters but they are still alive, because God wants them to be alive). > God bless America. ALWAYS. ALWAYS WITH THEM. Whatever it happens here, it is God’s providence.

- In page 42 he asks the readers to stop reading and think about the magnitude of their trail. He uses comparisons to show how the puritans are always the best: they were alone in the New Land (no mercy or kindness from the 'barbarians').

- In page 51 starts the Book II, written in the 1640s. It isn't a book of origins, but a more realistic chronicle: what it was really happening in the colony? What happened when their mission was put in practice? The truth is that many people became corrupted. Bradford then was older and completely shocked and disappointed by what he had around: a case of bestiality, people having business with the Indians, starving, corruption and degradation in the colony and so on. He's trying to show readers how his dream failed and he had to confront reality (that's the opposite of what happens in Book I).

- In page 55, Bradford points that Thomas Morton represented the major danger for the colony. He was an Anglican, and Puritans were extremely intolerant to people who is different, especially about religion. Discerning wasn't allowed. Uniformity of opinion was obligatory. Fortunately, Thomas Morton rewrote Bradford's text, so we can compare both. He's described by Bradford as having no respect for anyone, as a drunker (drinking was very condemned by the Puritans) who had a lot of vices. He was a synonymous of moral corruption. Morton became an embodiment of the worst fears of the Puritans.

- In page 60 Bradford talks about the prosperity of the colony.

- Finally in the last paragraphs of page 71 he concludes his narration as an old man disappointed, a man who realized the pain of the reality. Here we can appreciate the idea of questioning the ideals of the American Dream.

- For Bradford, America is far from being a locus amoenus. It is not a beautiful place for him, but a terrible one (wildness for him). > Different from the other writers who have said something about America.

- Puritans bring civilization > They can on this way justify their colonization and the bad manners they had with Americans, because Americans were not humans > Puritans with an errant into the wildness (they have a mission in the wildness). > They think they are better because they think they have an errant (God want them to help American people).

- They are alone with their mission, but they success.

- Book 1: No reality.

- Book 2: Too much reality perhaps. Chronicle. Idea about the colony VS reality (contrast between the ream they had about their mission and the nightmare plenty of corruption, desolation and so on that they found there) > Puritan utopian.

- Book 2 is much more realistic: Bestiality (zoofília) and sodomize > Punished by the law of the Bible > People watched doing it are killed > public execution to keep control in the colony.

- To make him more relevant to the universe.

In reference to her childrenshe talked about the "nest syndrome" that many mothers feel when their children leave home. She was justifying herself as a good mother, a sacrificial one. The second part of the poem explains what they did about the boys, she led them fly alone, but aristocratic women in the colony couldn't leave home alone, they needed a mate. They stayed at home looking after their parents, the nephews... In the 3rd part she's worried about the real world. In the 4th part she's afraid of being forgotten after her sacrifice. Her poetry is a way to remember her, a way of talking to her children after death.

In these poems Simon (her husband) doesn't appear, and that' very strange because she was deeply in love with him. She was trying to say that motherhood and the children are completely hers. It's a kind of opposition against the patriarchy in the colony. It's a beautiful poem about mother's love, which is limitless.

Page 100,Here follows some verses upon the burning of our house this poem has a silly, vulgar inspiration. Everything which happened was a symbol of God's Will. That fact was a test for being part of the elect. She saw the invisible (God) through the visible (the burning of her house to ashes). In that time there were no psychologists, but the Bible, so she had two options: get depressed or, as a puritan, turn that terrible deal into positive experience. In the 1st part she's repeating the puritan theory that she couldn't do anything against God's Will. In the 2nd part she's remembering everything she had lost, but she realized that it was too much material ("adieu, adieu all's vanity). Here rhetorical questions appear: do you love artificial things? But her discourse sounds so artificial. She finishes with puritan words: "my hope and treasure lies above".

MARY ROWLANDSON

- She writes A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration.

- She is a mother with children who writes for her community.

- She writes on captivity manners (after the captivate returns to her home place).

- Jeremiad: text that reminds readers of the original aim of the colony.

- She is a woman writer who writes HER story to question basic elements on her Puritan world.

- Her captivity lasted many months.

- 1675-1676: The Indian Wars: Metacom (King Philip, as the puritans called him) attacked with his tribe Lancaster (where Mary lived). She was sold into slavery to Quanopin and his 3 wives. It was a terrible moment in the relationship between Indians and whites. In May 1676 Rowlandson was released from captivity. In august Metacom was killed, so the Indian rebellion ended.

-

- Before being napped by Indians, she already knew how Indians were like.

- Differently from other women in the colony, or from other captive women, she was from the elites (so she was encouraged by her family to write and become a model for their community).

- (Remember: autobiographical is the most cultivated genre in America).

- She thinks that during the captivity God has been with her and has protected her.

- People who have been in captivity are heroes.

- For American people, confessing our mistakes is heroic, too. Not here > Bárcenas saying OK, I have stolen (unbelievable).

- The book has a cover of the reverend, the middle (story) from her and the end (com una contraportada o epíleg) from her husband.

- The reverend is authenticating her, proving her experience to be a memorandum of God’s dealing with her. He compares herself with all these biblical characters as a legitimation of God.

- Mary is becoming Indian (acculturation). She leaves her culture and adopts the Indian culture. > The problem is to be native and Mary GOES native (becomes too Indian).

- She was firstly interpreted as an Orthodox captivity writer, but in the last decade critics have started to see what is beyond her writing. The book is divided into removes (transllats).

- She, as a Puritan, has an idea about what the wildness was > civilization VS wildness.

- She is interested in giving us the special point (the space she was).

- She understands her captivity into an election of God (God elected her to be captured).

- People who are captive identify themselves with their capturers, so they do not want to denounce- even criticize- their captures > Stockholm (acculturation).

- The Bible is for her a Kind of Roseta Stone > thanks to the Roseta Stone, they could translate texts because this stone has the symbols. The same happens with the Bible > she finds inside the Bible everything she needs to understand the wildness that surrounds her.

Page 105: for years her book became a best-seller of orthodox narratives, but in the latest decades critics have started to read the message beyond the text.

She was not writing to tell her experience, not to enjoy us. She was writing because the only way to be published was to make an exemplary text (no matter what happened, God is with me). We can't read it realistically because she's fictionalizing about her: an innocent woman, 'happily' in her territory, and suddenly was brought into the woods with the savages.

The Book is not divided into chapters, but removes. As a puritan, she had a previous idea of what the wilderness was. The removes make us understand that she was being brought far away from the community. She was brought into the darkness and the Indian pollution. Before the 1st remove, we have an introduction about the attack: it's a terrible introduction, with shots, too much blood, people dying (an absolute Hell). It started as an action movie: with a massacre. It's providential history.

- Page 108: "It had often (...) my mind changed" it's a very human sentence where we find a contrast between what she thought before the attack and how her mind changed after the experience.

-Everybody expected her of talking about the Indians in that way: hell-hounds, merciless, wolves...

- Page 114: "I cannot but take notice of the wonderful mercy of God to me in those afflictions, in sending me a Bible". A very extraordinary fact.

- Page 110: She compares herself to king David (a well-known biblical character), so she's legitimating herself as a pure daughter of Israel (Judea capta).

-Little by little Mary Rowlandson has to face the reality of her captivity and had to use strategies to survive (the travel into the darkness is also a travel into herself).

- Pg 117: here begins her process of being native (acculturation). She changes: "filthy trash" to "sweet and savory to my taste".

- Pg 119: she asks for Indian food, which surprised them, too. The deeper she gets into the woods, the less civilized (that's the process of becoming native). Later she would have to justify it because she has to return to the community as a puritan.

It's a story of self-education: the problem is about space (territory) not time, because she was being contaminated by the wilderness.

-Many times the story is so horrible that victims from captive narratives can't express their experience in words, one way to survive is identifying with the captor (Stockholm syndrome). When the acculturation is too strong, someone forgets the own identity and becomes native.

There are moments where Mary's techniques for survival betrayed her. The Bible works as a sort of "Roseta stone" (a talisman), so she could understand the hieroglyphics which appeared around her in the wilderness. The Bible always gave her the clue, how to keep strong.

- She survived sewing (cosint) because she did exchanges with natives > something she has sewed with something they could give her > she works for them and then she is paid. She has a fair contract between the buyer and the seller (she is well-paid) Page 122.