PARALLELISM – similarity of synt-l structures of phrases, clauses or sent-s, which stand close to one another

. P.is observed in macro-structures such as a paragraph. It may be of 2 types: complete & partial.

Complete P.is identity of synt-l structures. It’s typical of poetry, where such P.is for rhythm.

E.g. The warm sun is failing

The bleak wind is waving

The bare boughs are sighing

The pale flower is dying.

Partial P.is structural similarity of some parts of successive units. E.g. I wanted to explain, I wanted to come down from the witness box & tell them that I’d loved Joey, that I’d worshiped Joey, that I’d do anything literally to make him come alive again.

P.always contributes to a rhythmical arrangement of a statement. Besides, in P.there is always some implied meaning of some similarity or relatedness of actions which is brought out by the similarity of syntactical structures. E.g. He had planted our sees, ravaged our costs, burned our tones.

CHIASMUS – a variation of Parallelism, the so-called reversed Parallelism.

Chiasmus - 2 similarly built sentences have a peculiar structure. The word-order of the first sentence is inverted in the second. E.g. *I observed Thompson, Thompson observed me. *Pleasure is a sin & sometimes sin is a pleasure.

Ch.emphasizes the second part of the utterance due to a sudden pause before it, which is caused by an unexpected change of word-order. As a result, the reader pays more attention to the meaning of the words. It mainly functions in ironic sense. Lots of paradoxes & epigrams based on it. E.g. When we are happy we are always good, but when we are good we are not always happy.

(28) REPETITION may occur in dialogues to reflect the state of a person overcome by strong emotions. It functions as an expressive mean. Besides, R-n may function as a special figure of speech in order to draw the reader’s attention to some important piece of inf-n & lay logical emphasis on it.

We may single out the following patterns of R-n:

1) Anaphora – the R-n of the same element at the beginning of clauses or sentences. (Uncle Amos never has a sight, uncle Amos never has a pocket book, at least, uncle Amos never went even as far as Boston.)

2) Epiphora – the R-n of the same element at the end of clauses & sentences. (I wake up early & I’m alone, and I walk round Worley & I’m alone, and I talk with people & I’m alone.)

3) Catch R-n - the R-n of the final word of the 1^st sentence at the beginning of the 2^nd. (Poirot was shaken, shaken & embittered.)

4) Framing – the R-n of the initial element at the end of a sentence. (Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.)

5) Extended R-n – a R-n of a word with additional components which specify & modify it. (I don’t think he heard. Pain, even slight pain, tends to isolate. Pain such as he had to suffer cuts the last links with society.)

6) Synonymical R-n – the expression of some idea with the help of various synonyms which differ in their connotations. (The poetry of Earth is never dead. The poetry of Earth is ceasing never.)

7) Morphological R-n – the R-n of the same morpheme in a series of words. (It is the poison that makes us heartless, & hopeless, & lifeless.)

(29) Polysyndenton(

) – an insistent R-n of a connective between words, phrases, clauses in an utterance. (The tent is soaked & heavy, and it flops about, and tumbles down on you, and cleans round your hand, and makes you mad.) In most cases Poly-n is used together with Parallelism & in most cases it creates a certain rhythm in a text. It makes narration more dynamic.

Asyndeton – a deliberate omission of connectives.

In most cases it makes each phrase or clause sound more independent, significant & weighty, and slows down the tempo of the narration. (The night sprang to flickering daylight with a gun-flashes, the Earth trembled with a shock, the air roared & screamed with shells.)

(30) Enumeration – listing things, phenomena & actions one by one in chain.

The words enumerated belong to the same part of speech but to different semantic classes. The grouping of words denoting absolutely different notions in one sentence leads to the clash of different meanings, such sentence is not easy to understand at first reading & the reader has to reread it in order to get its meaning & to understand possible connections with the enumerated ideas. (When I think of my condition at the age of fifty-five when I bought the ticket, all is grief. The facts begin to crowd me and soon I get a pressure in the chest. A disorderly rush begins -- my parents, my wives, my girls, my children, my farm, my animals, my habits, my money, my music lessons, my drunkenness, my prejudices, my brutality, my teeth, my face, my soul!)

(31) SUSPENCE(ретардация) is a deliberate delay in the completion of the expressed thought. What has been delayed in the leading part of the utterance, and the reader/listener awaits it with an ever increasing tension. S. is achieved by the use of phrases, clauses expressing condition, supposition, time, place & the like, all of which hold back the conclusion of the utterance. S. arouse a state of uncertainty mixed with anxiety, expectation as to the possible conclusion of the utterance. It produces a psychological effect. S. can be created in big structures such as 1 or more paragraphs. (Mankind, says a Chinese manuscript, which my friend M. was obliging enough to read and explain to me, for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw.)

(32) GRADATION – a syntactical structure in which every successive unit is emotionally stronger & more significant in meaning than the previous one. (Her parlour-maid was ugly on purpose, malignantly, criminally ugly.)

3 types of G-n: logical, emotional & quantitative.

1) In LG every new concept is logically more important than the previous one.

2) EG is created by a series of synonyms with emotive meanings & expressive connotation & the gradually increase the emotional tension of the utterance.

3) QG implies a rise in its size, volume & number of each new concept.

As a rule, G is achieved with the help of:

-parallel constructions,

-various types of repetitions

-contextual synonyms.

The function of G-n is to increase the emotional tension(напряжение) of the narration.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 952