Quotations and Allusions.

Q. is a repetition of a phrase of sentence from some text used in analytics to illustrate, prove or develop the subject. The text from which the Q. is taken is called source text and into which it's inserted called target.

Q. are usually marked of texts graphically by inverted commas, italics, dashes. Q-s are characteristics of scientific texts, where they are reproduced in an unchanged form with the reference to the authors. They also appear in media texts where they are not always marked graphically and can be abridged.

In fiction Q. function in a more specific way the authors quoted is not mentioned & there can be no quotation marks, as a result the Q. becomes of the target place.

Eg. The conversation which eventually followed on this topic was of such staff as dreams are made of.

The function of Q. in fiction is to arouse definite association connected with the source text.

Allusion is a reference to a source book which is made in a target text. In comparison with q-ns it’s less evident and has a more implicit nature.

The Q. is usually represented by words while an allusion may be just 1 word which refers the reader to a dif.text. The frequently alluded texts are : Bible, Shakespeare, mythology.

The A. establishes interconnection between 2 texts: target & source text.

As a result the target text becomes more complicated because it takes the reader to 2 situations or 2 contexts of target and source texts. For the reader to recognize the allusion it's necessary to have a certain textual competition.

E.g. He wrote them both the most imbecile and provocative letters Elizabeth to Fanny, Fanny to Elizabeth. How much he cared. He was like Shelly, Elizabeth was like Harry, Fanny was like Emilia Viviani.

(22) INVERSION. An Eng. language has a fixed direct word-order: Subject – Predicative – Object.

Inversion is a violation of a traditional word-order which does not change the meaning, but adds logical stress and emotional coloring.

There exist the following patterns:

1) predicative with/without the link-verb is placed before the subject. E.g. Wonderful was the touch of her shoulders.

2) the adverbial modifier & the predicative expressed by the verb are placed before the subject. E.g. In the door-way stood the maid.

3) the object is placed at the head of the sentence or before the sentence. E.g. The last words she said with the scorn.

4) the attribute stands after the word it modifies. E.g. His fingers stained & warm.

As a rule, Inversion place emphasis on that part of the sentence which is placed at the beginning. For the Eng. language it’s typical to invert a phrasal verb which brings dynamism to the sentence. E.g. In another moment down went Alice.

(23) DETACHMENT(обособление) – a separation of the secondary part of the sentence with the aim of emphasizing it. The separation leads to a violation of customary syntactical connections between words. As a result, the detached word or phrase becomes isolated from the main part of the sentence & from the word it syntactically belongs to. It is independent & emphasized.

In a way, Detachment is like Inversion. They both have the same function – to make some words more prominent than they might be in their usual places. But contrary to Inversion, Detachment breaks customary connections between the members of the sentence. Detachments are marked with commas, dashes & brackets.

The most typical detachment constructions are those, in which an attribute or adverbial modifier is syntactically isolated from the word it refers to. E.g. Elegant, weary, infinitely, fragile, Mrs.Glamba laid back in her armchair.

(24) PARENTHESIS is a variety of Detachment. Parenthetic sentences are grammatically independent of the sentence into which they are inserted. Function is to specify, comment or emphasize smth that is mentioned in the main sentence. E.g. They hadn’t seen – no one could see- her distress, not even her grandfather.

Parenthetic sentences are marked with commas, dashes, brackets.

(25) ELLIPSIS is a deliberate omission of 1 or more words in speakking or writing for some stylistic purposes. It’s typical of oral colloquial speech & doesn’t perform any stylistic function there.

El.words can be easily understood from the context & also stands for intonation, gestures and mimics of the speaker. In a written text El.sentences become more informative, because the remaining words can express their own meaning & also the meaning of absent words.

Ellipsis occurs dialogues as a natural character of oral conversation. Besides, it’s often used in monologs to represent the emot.state of the person. E.g.:

- Josey speaking.

- Michael.

- Ah, the lost brightgroom.

- Lunch?

- Why not?

- White o’clock?

- We’ll do.

- The old place.

- Of course.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 922