A due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident

due, used of time, can take an infinitive:

The race is due to start in ten minutes. But it can also be used alone:

The plane was due (in) at six. It is an hour overdue. due to(preposition) means 'a result of:

The accident was due to carelessness. owing tomeans 'because of:

Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.

due toshould be preceded by subject + verb, but English people are careless about this and often begin a sentence with due to instead of with owing to.

certain and suretake infinitives to express the speaker's opinion. boundis also possible here:

Tom is certain/sure/bound to win. (The speaker is confident

of this.)

But subject + certain/sure+ that-clauseexpresses the subject's opinion:

Tom is sure that he will win. (Tom is confident of victory.) confident thatcould replace certain/sure thatabove, but confidentcannot be followed by an infinitive. sure, certain, confidentcan be followed by of + noun/pronoun or gerund:

Unless you 're early you can't be sure of getting a seat. boundcan take an infinitive, as shown above, but not a that-clause. bound+ infinitive can also mean 'under an obligation':

According to the contract we are bound to supply the materials.

B afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about)

afraid of, ashamed of, sorry for/about +noun/pronoun or gerund:

She is afraid of heights/of falling.

He was ashamed of himself (for behaving so badly)/ashamed of

behaving so badly.

I'm sorry for breaking your window, (apology)

I'm sorry about your window, (apology/regret)

I'm sorry for Peter, (pity) afraid, ashamed, sorrycan be followed by an infinitive:

She was afraid to speak. (She didn't speak.)

I'd be ashamed to take his money. (I don't/won't take it.)

I'm sorry to say that we have no news. or by a that-clause:

I'm ashamed that I've nothing better to offer you.

She's afraid (that) he won't believe her. (fear)

I'm afraid (that) we have no news, (regret)

I'm sorry (that) you can't come.

(For the difference in meaning between these three constructions, see 271. For I'm afraid not/so,see 347.)

C anxious (about), anxious +infinitive, anxious that

anxious(+ about+ noun/pronoun) means worried:

I'm anxious (about Tom). His plane is overdue. be anxious(+ for+ noun/pronoun) + infinitive = 'to desire/to wish':

I'm very anxious (for him) to see the Carnival. anxious + that . . . + shouldis possible in very formal English:

The committee is anxious that this matter should be kept secret.

D fortunate and luckycan take either a that-clause or an infinitive, but there is usually a difference of meaning. It is fortunate/lucky thatusually means 'It's a good thing that':

It's lucky that Tom has a car.

It's lucky that he passed his test. (Now he can drive himself to the

station/take the children to the seaside etc.)

It's lucky for us that he has a car. (He can give us a lift etc.)

Subject + be + fortunate/lucky+ infinitive, however, emphasizes the subject's good fortune:

He's lucky to have a car. (Many people haven't got one.)

He was lucky to pass his test. (He wasn't really up to the standard.) is/are + fortunate/lucky+ present infinitive is used mainly with static verbs. With was/wereor the continuous or perfect infinitive there is a wider choice:

You were fortunate to escape unharmed.

You are lucky to be going by air.

He is lucky to have sold his house before they decided to build the

new airport.

It is lucky/unluckycan, however, be followed by the infinitive of any verb:

It is unlucky to break a -mirror. (It brings misfortune.) fortunateand unfortunateare not used here but can be used in the other constructions. They are chiefly found in more formal English.

These adjectives can also be used alone or with a noun: / wasn 't lucky. He's fortunate.

Thirteen's my lucky number. He's a fortunate man.

E possible, probableand likelycan take a that-clause introduced by it. likelycan also be used with subject + infinitive

(a) It's possible that he'll come today =

(b) Perhaps he 11 come/He may come today.

(a) It's probable that he 'II come today =

(b) He 'II probably come today.

In each case the (b) form is more usual than the (a) but the that-clause is convenient when we want to modify the adjectives:

It's just/quite possible that. . .

It's not very probable that. . . With likelyboth forms are equally useful:

It's quite likely that he 'II come today =

He's quite likely to come today.

is/are+ subject + likely+ infinitive is very useful as it supplies an interrogative form for may(= be possible):

Is he likely to ring today?

possible, probable, likelycan be used without a that-clause when it is quite clear what this would be:

Do you think he'll sell his house? ~ It's quite possible/probable/likely

(that he'II sell it).

F awareand conscioustake a that-clause or of + noun/pronoun or gerund:

It'll be dangerous. ~ I'm aware that it'll be dangerous/I'm aware

of that.

I was conscious of being watched =

I felt that someone was watching me. consciousused by itself has a physical meaning:

/ had only a local'anaesthetic. I was conscious the whole time.

4 Adverbs

28 Kinds of adverbs

Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, well (see 35) Place: by, down, here, near, there, up (36) Time: now, soon, still, then, today, yet (37) Frequency: always, never, occasionally, often, twice (38) Sentence: certainly, definitely, luckily, surely (40) Degree -.fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very (41) Interrogative: when? where? why? (60) Relative: when, where, why (75 E)

Form and use

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 918