Manyis possible when preceded (i.e. modified) by a good/a great.Both are possible when modified by so/as/too.

/ made a good many friends there.

He has had so many jobs that. . .

She read as much as she could.

They drink too much (gin).

When not modified, many,as object or part of the object, is usually replaced by a lot/lots of(+ noun) or by a lotor lots(pronouns). much,as object or part of the object, is usually replaced by a great/good deal of(+ noun) or a great/good deal(pronouns):

/ saw a lot/lots of seabirds. I expect you saw a lot too.

He spends a lot/lots of/a great deal of money on his house. As subject or part of the subject, either many or a lot (of)etc. can be used, but muchhere is normally replaced by one of the other forms. much,however, is possible in formal English:

Much will depend on what the minister says.

Compare negative and affirmative sentences:

He hasn't won many races.

You 've won a lot/lots of races or You 've won a lot or

You 've won a great many (races).

He didn't eat much fruit.

She ate a lot/lots of fruit/a great deal of fruit or

She ate a lot/a great deal.

C many and muchwith interrogative verbs

Both can be used with how:How many times? How much?

In questions where how is not used, manyis possible, but a lot (of)

etc. is better when an affirmative answer is expected:

Did you take a lot of photos? I expect you did.

muchwithout how is possible but the other forms are a little more usual:

Did you have a lot of snow/much snow last year? (For muchas an adverb, see 33.)

26 Adjectives + infinitives

A Some of the most useful of these adjectives are given below, grouped roughly according to meaning or type. Some adjectives with several meanings may appear in more than one group. (For adjectives + prepositions, see 96.)

Starred adjectives can also be used with that-clauses. Sometimes that . . . shouldis more usual. (See 236.) In sections B-E, with the exception of B2, the constructions are introduced by it.(For introductory it, see 67.) If it + be . . .is preceded by find/think/believe etc. thatit is sometimes possible to omit thatand the verb be:

He found that it was impossible to study at home =

He found it impossible to study at home.

B 1 it + be + adjective (+ of + object) + infinitive is used chiefly with adjectives concerning:

(a) character: brave, careless, cowardly, cruel, generous, good/ nice (= kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong(morally) etc., and fair*/just*/right*with negative or interrogative verbs, or

(b) sense: clever, foolish, idiotic*, intelligent, sensible, silly, stupid.

absurd*, ludicrous*, ridiculous* and unreasonable*are sometimes also possible.

It was kind of you to help him. (You helped him. This was kind.) It was stupid (of them) to leave their bicycles outside. of + object can be omitted after group (b) adjectives, and sometimes after group (a) adjectives, except good and nice.(Omission of of + object would change the meaning of good and nice.See E.)

2 Pronoun + be + adjective + noun + infinitive is also possible with the above adjectives and with a number of others, including: astonishing*, curious*, extraordinary*, funny* (= strange*), odd*, queer*, surprising*etc. and pointless, useful, useless

It was a sensible precaution to take. That was a wicked thing to say.

Comments of this type can sometimes be expressed as exclamations: What a funny way to park a car! What an odd time to choose!

The adjective is sometimes omitted in expressions of disapproval:

What a (silly) way to bring up a child!

What a time to choose! Example with a that-clause:

It is strange/odd/surprising that he hasn 't answered.

C it + be + adjective + infinitive is possible with advisable *,

inadvisable*, better*, best, desirable*, essential*, good( = advisable), important*, necessary*, unnecessary*, vital*and with only + fair*/just*/right*:

Wouldn't it be better to wait? ~ No, it's essential to book in advanc, for + object can be added except after good(where it would change the meaning; see E below) and after just:

It won't be necessary for him to report to the police.

It is only fair for him to have a chance. inessential and unimportantare not normally used, but not essentialis possible.

D it + be + adjective (+ for + object) + infinitive is possible with convenient*, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard*, possible*, impossible, safe, unsafe.(For possible that,see 27 E.)

Would it be convenient (for you) to see Mr X now?

It was dangerous (for women) to go out alone after dark.

We found it almost impossible to buy petrol. (See A above.) The above adjectives, with the exception of possible,can also be use< in the noun + be + adjective + infinitive construction:

This cake is easy to make.

The instructions were hard to follow.

This car isn 't safe to drive.

E it + be + adjective/participle + infinitive is also possible with adjective;

and participles which show the feelings or reactions of the person

concerned:

agreeable dreadful* lovely* terrible*

awful* good*/nice* marvellous* wonderful*

delightful* (= pleasant) splendid* etc.

disagreeable horrible * strange *

and with the present participles of:

alarm* bewilder discourage* excite* surprise*

amaze* bore disgust* frighten terrify

amuse* depress* embarrass horrify* upset

annoy* disappoint* encourage* interest* etc.

astonish *

fun (= an exciting experience) and a reliefcan be used similarly. It's awful to be alone in such a place. It's boring to do the same thing every day. It was depressing to find the house empty. It would be fun/exciting/interesting to canoe down the river. It was a relief to take off our wet boots.

for + object is quite common after lovely, interesting, marvellous,

nice, wonderfuland possible after the other adjectives:

It's interesting (for children) to see a house being built.

It was marvellous (for the boys) to have a garden to play in. Note that for + object placed after goodrestricts the meaning of good to heal thy/beneficial:It's good for you to take regular exercise. (good+ infinitive can have this meaning but can also mean pleasant/kind/advisable.See B, C above.)

it + be + adjective + noun + infinitive is also possible with the above adjectives/participles:

It was an exciting ceremony to watch.

It was a horrible place to live (in).

F Somewhat similar meanings can be expressed by subject + adjective + infinitive with angry*, delighted*, dismayed*, glad*, happy*, pleased*, relieved*, sad*, sorry*and the past participles of the verbs in E above: I'm delighted to see you. The most useful infinitives here are to find/learn/hear/see, but glad/happy/sad/sorryare also often followed by to say/tell/inform and sometimes by other infinitives: He was glad to leave school. She was dismayed to find the door locked.

G Subject + be + adjective/participle + infinitive with: able/unable; apt, inclined, liable, prone; prepared, not prepared ( = ready/willing/unwilling), reluctant; prompt, quick, slow:

We are all apt to make mistakes when we try to hurry.

I am inclined to believe him. I am prepared/ready to help him.

He was most reluctant to lend us the money.

He was slow to realize that times had changed =

He realized only slowly that times had changed.

27 Adjectives + infmitive/that-clause/preposition constructions

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 898