The Sign of Four 1 page

t The Hawaii Supreme Ct. (NOT the S. Ct.) remanded law prohibiting gay marriageviolated equal rights A. under Hawaii const. (The prohibition did not violate right to privacy.) Marriage has benefits, and is also a vital right essential to orderly pursuit of happiness.

Constitutional Law – Spring 1999 - Major Premises

Federalism - Vertical distribution of government power................................................................................ 1

Implied powers - McCulloch v. Maryland – Bank of the U.S...................................................................................... 1

Commerce clause................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Spending power................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Dormant commerce clause (DCC) – Protection against facial discrimination....................................................... 19

10th Amendment - Implied limitations on congressional power -............................................................................. 23

Other Federalism premises................................................................................................................................................ 30

Separation of powers - Horizontal distribution of national power......................................................... 39

Judicial review..................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Jurisdiction and standing................................................................................................................................................... 45

Political question doctrine................................................................................................................................................. 51

Executive authority - domestic........................................................................................................................................ 54

Executive privilege............................................................................................................................................................. 56

Presidential immunity........................................................................................................................................................ 59

Impeachment...................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Bicameralism and presentment....................................................................................................................................... 61

Administrative agencies and the separation of powers............................................................................................... 65

Non delegation doctrine and “quasi-constitutional” statutes..................................................................................... 72

Executive authority – foreign........................................................................................................................................... 76

Legislative authority - foreign.......................................................................................................................................... 79

Other separation of powers premises.............................................................................................................................. 80

Individual rights................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Equal protection................................................................................................................................................................. 87

Privileges or immunities – 14^th Amendment.................................................................................................................. 97

Incorporation...................................................................................................................................................................... 98

Contracts clause - Protecting economic liberties - Textual......................................................................................... 99

Privacy, personhood, and family - Modern Substantive due process.................................................................... 110

Case Summaries................................................................................................................................................................. 134

Constitutional Law – Spring 1999.............................................................................................................................. 1

Federalism - Vertical distribution of government power................................................................................ 1

A government of enumerated powers - Why does federalism matter?................................................................. 1

Implied powers - McCulloch v. Maryland – Bank of the U.S....................................................................................... 1

Commerce clause.................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Three regulated categories under commerce clause.................................................................................................. 4

Channels...................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Instrumentalities......................................................................................................................................................... 4

“Substantially affecting” commerce...................................................................................................................... 4

Pre New Deal.................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Gibbons v. Ogden – New York steamboat monopoly......................................................................................... 5

United States v. E.C. Knight - Manufacture vs. commerce – Sugar monopoly............................................. 6

Substantial economic effects and stream of commerce.................................................................................... 6

The Shreveport Rate Cases – Substantial economic effects – Railroad rates.......................................... 6

Stafford v. Wallace - Stream of commerce..................................................................................................... 7

Police power................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Champion v. Ames - The Lottery Case............................................................................................................ 7

Hammer v. Dagenhart - Child labor.................................................................................................................. 7

Summary of pre-New Deal law on commerce clause......................................................................................... 8

The New Deal Crisis and the Rise of the Welfare State............................................................................................ 8

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States............................................................................................................... 9

Carter v. Carter Coal Co......................................................................................................................................... 10

Modern Trend................................................................................................................................................................ 10

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. - Expanded “substantial economic effect”.................................. 10

Wickard v. Filburn - The “cumulative effect” theory....................................................................................... 11

United States v. Darby - police power regulations - Minimum wage............................................................. 12

Civil rights cases and the commerce clause............................................................................................................. 13

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States – Local incident of interstate commerce..................................... 13

Katzenbach v. McClung – Ollie’s BBQ............................................................................................................... 13

Effect of Lopez........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Judicial abdication during New Deal......................................................................................................................... 14

United States v. Lopez – Latest word – Guns and schools do mix...................................................................... 15

Reconciling Lopez with New Deal.............................................................................................................................. 17

Current status of commerce clause........................................................................................................................... 17

Does Lopez provide workable rule of law?.............................................................................................................. 17

Spending power.................................................................................................................................................................. 18

United States v. Butler - Beyond enumerated powers...................................................................................... 18

Steward Machine Co. v. Davis.............................................................................................................................. 19

South Dakota v. Dole - National drinking age.................................................................................................... 19

Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman............................................................................................ 19

Dormant commerce clause (DCC) – Protection against facial discrimination..................................................... 19

Gibbons v. Ogden – New York steamboat monopoly................................................................................. 20

Willson v. Black Bird Creek Marsh Co........................................................................................................... 20

Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens (1851) – “Cooley test” – That which is by nature national........... 20

Modern DCC doctrine....................................................................................................................................... 20

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey – DCC – No solid waste...................................................................... 20

West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy – Milk tax subsidizes in-state farmers........................................... 21

Bobbitt’s modalities and the DCC?................................................................................................................ 21

Market participant exception under commerce clause.................................................................................... 22

Reeves, Inc. v. Stake.......................................................................................................................................... 22

10th Amendment - Implied limitations on congressional power -............................................................................ 23

National League of Cities v. Usery - Traditional government functions test..................................................... 23

Garcia v. San Antonio MTA - Overruled National League of Cities – Minimum wage................................... 23

Use of state’s lawmaking mechanisms..................................................................................................................... 24

New York v. United States - Waste disposal....................................................................................................... 24

Printz v. United States – Brady Bill – Don’t No commandeer state executive............................................ 26

Possible McCulloch theory underlying New York and Printz.......................................................................... 28

U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton..................................................................................................................................... 28

Other Federalism premises............................................................................................................................................... 30

The treaty and war powers.......................................................................................................................................... 30

Missouri v. Holland – Migratory birds................................................................................................................. 30

Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co................................................................................................................................ 30

The taxing power........................................................................................................................................................... 30

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co................................................................................................................................ 30

The guarantee clause and the reconstruction amendments.................................................................................. 31

Texas v. White.......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Validity of 13^th and 14^th Amendments................................................................................................................. 31

The power to enforce the reconstruction amendments.................................................................................... 32

Katzenbach v. Morgan – Spanish speaking voters...................................................................................... 32

City of Boerne v. Flores – RFRA Unconstitutional........................................................................................... 32

Limitations on state regulation................................................................................................................................... 35

Typology of Powers...................................................................................................................................................... 35

Preemption..................................................................................................................................................................... 35

The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV.......................................................................................... 36

United Building Council v. Camden - No market participant exception for PIC................................... 36

Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward...................................................................................................... 36

Facially neutral statutes with significant effects on interstate commerce..................................................... 36

Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland.......................................................................................................... 37

Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm’n.............................................................................. 38

Separation of powers - Horizontal distribution of national power......................................................... 39

Distribution of national power - Why does separation of powers matter?......................................................... 39

Formalism vs. functionalism....................................................................................................................................... 39

Judicial review................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Marbury v. Madison – Supreme Court review of congressional statutes........................................................... 40

Theoretical foundation of judicial review................................................................................................................ 42

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee – Supreme Court review of state court decisions..................................................... 43

Judicial exclusivity........................................................................................................................................................ 44

Cooper v. Aaron - Federal judiciary is supreme – SCt binds states..................................................................... 44

Does judicial review imply judicial supremacy?..................................................................................................... 44

Departmentalism........................................................................................................................................................... 44

Jurisdiction and standing................................................................................................................................................ 45

Ex Parte McCardle - Congressional control of appellate jurisdiction.................................................................. 45

United States v. Klein......................................................................................................................................... 46

Good confusion.................................................................................................................................................. 46

Case or Controversy Requirement............................................................................................................................. 46

Standing.......................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Allen v. Wright - IRS tax-exempt status for segregated private school......................................................... 47

Lujan v. Defenders of the Wildlife – Endangered Species Act........................................................................ 49

Raines v. Byrd - Line item veto............................................................................................................................. 49

Perspective on cases................................................................................................................................................ 50

Political question doctrine.............................................................................................................................................. 51

Baker v. Carr - Apportionment of the Tennessee Assembly........................................................................... 51

Luther v. Borden - Guaranty clause non-justiciable......................................................................................... 52

Why is there a political question doctrine?.......................................................................................................... 52

Davis v. Bandemer - Unconstitutional gerrymandering justiciable................................................................ 52

Nixon v. United States - Impeachment non-justiciable.................................................................................... 52

Coleman v. Miller - Congress gets to say whether USC has been amended................................................. 53

Timing and certiorari............................................................................................................................................... 53

Executive authority - domestic........................................................................................................................................ 54

Executive-Legislative conflicts................................................................................................................................... 54

Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer - The Steel Seizure Case...................................................................... 54

Dames & Moore v. Regan - Iran hostage settlement........................................................................................ 55

Executive privilege............................................................................................................................................................ 56

United States v. Nixon – Watergate tapes........................................................................................................... 56

Reviewability of executive privilege decisions......................................................................................................... 57

Scope of executive privilege........................................................................................................................................ 57

National security interests...................................................................................................................................... 58

United States v. AT&T...................................................................................................................................... 58

Legislative Investigations and Civil Proceedings............................................................................................... 59

Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon................................................. 59

Dellums v. Powell................................................................................................................................................ 59

Lower level officials................................................................................................................................................ 59

Presidential immunity....................................................................................................................................................... 59

Mississippi v. Johnson........................................................................................................................................ 59

Nixon v. Fitzgerald............................................................................................................................................. 59

Harlow v. Fitzgerald........................................................................................................................................... 60

Clinton v. Jones................................................................................................................................................... 60

Law and politics............................................................................................................................................................ 60

Law versus politics................................................................................................................................................... 60

Nixon v. Administrator of General Services.................................................................................................. 60

Law as politics.......................................................................................................................................................... 61

Impeachment....................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Bicameralism and presentment........................................................................................................................................ 61

INS v. Chadha - One house veto provision stricken.............................................................................................. 61

General critique by Koppelman............................................................................................................................ 63

Single-house actions approved by USC............................................................................................................... 64

Chadha in context - Legislative control of the bureaucracy........................................................................... 64

The reach of Chadha.............................................................................................................................................. 64

Process Gas Consumers Group v. Consumers Energy Council of America............................................. 64

United States Senate v. FTC............................................................................................................................. 64

A return to the text?................................................................................................................................................. 65

Future directions....................................................................................................................................................... 65

Administrative agencies and the separation of powers.............................................................................................. 65

Meyers v. United States.......................................................................................................................................... 66

The rise of independent agencies.......................................................................................................................... 66

Humphrey’s Executor v. United States - FTC member removal............................................................... 66

Wiener v. United States - War Claims Commission removal..................................................................... 66

Buckley v. Valeo - Appointments Clause and FEC – Officer of the U.S................................................. 67

Various assessments of Myers, Humphrey’s Executor, and Buckley........................................................... 67

Bowsher v. Synar - Good-bye Gramm-Rudman..................................................................................................... 68

Commitment and the budget...................................................................................................................................... 69

Appointments power - Congressional control over administrative officials...................................................... 69

Chadha and Bowsher............................................................................................................................................. 69

Morrison and Bowsher............................................................................................................................................ 69

Koppelman on Morrison and Mistretta............................................................................................................... 70

Non-presidential appointments............................................................................................................................. 70

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 650