The Sign of Four 2 page

Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue............................................................................................. 70

Weiss v. United States........................................................................................................................................ 70

Edmond v. United States.................................................................................................................................. 70

Justice Scalia’s Bowsher and Mistretta dissents................................................................................................. 70

Congressional control of administrative agencies after Chadha and Bowsher........................................... 71

Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.......................................................................................................... 71

Non delegation doctrine and “quasi-constitutional” statutes................................................................................. 72

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 72

Non-delegation doctrine......................................................................................................................................... 72

Non-delegation and National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA)....................................................... 72

Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan......................................................................................................................... 72

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States....................................................................................................... 72

Demise of non-delegation doctrine....................................................................................................................... 73

Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally....................................................................................................... 73

Touby v. United States...................................................................................................................................... 73

Loving v. United States..................................................................................................................................... 73

Arguments in favor of reviving non-delegation doctrine.................................................................................. 73

D. Schoenbrod..................................................................................................................................................... 73

Industrial Union v. American Petroleum Institute – Rehnquist dissent.................................................... 73

Ely (Democracy and Distrust).......................................................................................................................... 74

Stewart – against non delegation doctrine..................................................................................................... 74

Lowi’s assessment of the “new” Constitution............................................................................................... 74

Structural statutes.................................................................................................................................................... 75

Executive authority – foreign.......................................................................................................................................... 76

Control of foreign affairs............................................................................................................................................. 76

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. – Foreign arms sales embargo............................................................ 76

Text, history, and presidential power.............................................................................................................. 76

Functionalism and the autonomy of constitutional interpretation........................................................... 76

Allocation of war making authority..................................................................................................................... 77

Approaches toward reconciling these provisions.......................................................................................... 77

Prize Cases - President’s power to use armed forces.................................................................................... 78

Orlando v. Laird – Vietnam non-justiciable................................................................................................. 78

Dellums v. Bush – The Persian Gulf War....................................................................................................... 78

UN “peacekeeping” or “peace enforcement”............................................................................................... 78

Legislative authority - foreign......................................................................................................................................... 79

The War Powers Resolution................................................................................................................................... 79

War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.................................................................................................... 79

The War Powers Resolution is constitutional................................................................................................ 79

Practice under the Resolution........................................................................................................................... 79

The Constitution without courts – War Powers and Boland............................................................................ 80

Other separation of powers premises............................................................................................................................. 80

Treaties...................................................................................................................................................................... 80

Executive Agreements............................................................................................................................................ 80

Dames & Moore v. Regan - Constitutional limits on scope of executive agreements........................... 80

United States v. Belmont.................................................................................................................................. 80

Congressional-executive agreements................................................................................................................... 81

Impoundment.......................................................................................................................................................... 81

Line item vetoes....................................................................................................................................................... 82

Unfunded mandates............................................................................................................................................... 82

New York v. United States – No unfunded mandates – 10^th Amendment.............................................. 82

Unfunded Mandate Reform Act of 1995...................................................................................................... 82

Contract with America...................................................................................................................................... 82

Constitutional amendment to balance the budget............................................................................................ 82

Morrison v. Olson – Special prosecutor laws............................................................................................................ 83

Mistretta v. United States – U.S. Sentencing Commission.................................................................................... 84

Final thoughts on separation of powers.................................................................................................................... 85

Individual rights................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Overview......................................................................................................................................................................... 86

Equal protection................................................................................................................................................................ 87

Utility of equal protection analysis....................................................................................................................... 87

Race and the Constitution..................................................................................................................................... 87

Slavery and the Constitution................................................................................................................................. 87

State v. Post......................................................................................................................................................... 87

Dred Scott v. Sanford........................................................................................................................................ 87

Reconstruction and retreat..................................................................................................................................... 88

Strauder v. West Virginia – Invalidated law barring blacks from juries................................................... 88

Plessy v. Ferguson – Separate but equal – Railroad cars............................................................................ 89

Equal protection methodology - strict scrutiny.................................................................................................. 90

Korematsu v. United States (Black 1944) – Japanese WWII interment.................................................. 90

Overview of equal protection doctrine................................................................................................................. 92

The attack on Jim Crow......................................................................................................................................... 93

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I) – School desegregation......................................... 93

Bolling v. Sharpe - 14^th Amendment equal protection federal via 5^th Amendment............................... 94

Brown II............................................................................................................................................................... 95

Facially neutral laws that disadvantage minorities........................................................................................... 96

Washington v. Davis.......................................................................................................................................... 96

Privileges or immunities – 14^th Amendment.................................................................................................................. 97

The Slaughter-House Cases – New Orleans slaughtering monopoly................................................................... 97

Slaugheter-House remains good law.................................................................................................................... 98

Incorporation...................................................................................................................................................................... 98

Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore.................................................................................................. 98

Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co................................................................................................. 99

Twining v. New Jersey............................................................................................................................................. 99

Palko v. Connecticut – Double jeopardy............................................................................................................ 99

Adamson v. California – Black dissent - Total incorporation......................................................................... 99

Duncan v. Louisiana............................................................................................................................................... 99

Contracts clause - Protecting economic liberties - Textual....................................................................................... 99

Fletcher v. Peck – Corrupt land sale contract not voidable by State........................................................... 100

Ogden v. Saunders – State bankruptcy law valid prospectively................................................................... 101

Calder v. Bull – Ex post facto - Historical Modality – Criminal only............................................................... 101

Home Building and Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell..................................................................................................... 102

Modern contracts clause law and AK analysis................................................................................................ 102

Substantive due process - Protecting economic interests - “Redistribution”.................................................... 103

Lochner v. New York – Time to make the donuts – No maximum hours for bakers.............................. 103

AK’s lecture on Lochner................................................................................................................................. 104

Civil War makes Lochner look less crazy.................................................................................................... 105

Structural and ethical basis for Lochner holding........................................................................................ 105

Dissent - Harlan................................................................................................................................................ 106

Dissent - Holmes............................................................................................................................................... 106

Forming an opinion of Lochner..................................................................................................................... 106

Lochner Era - most significant judicial interventions in American history............................................ 106

Munn v. Illinois - Escape hatch from Lochner – “Public interest”.......................................................... 107

Muller v. Oregon – Another escape hatch – Women “special class”...................................................... 107

Bailey v. Alabama – Personal service contracts enforced by jail time no more....................................... 107

Nebbia v. New York.............................................................................................................................................. 108

West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish – The death of Lochner – Female minimum wage............................... 108

United States v. Carolene Products Co. – Filled milk..................................................................................... 108

Williamson v. Lee Optical - Full employment for ophthalmologists............................................................ 109

Ferguson v. Skrupa................................................................................................................................................ 109

Summary of substantive due process - Economic rights............................................................................... 109

Privacy, personhood, and family - Modern Substantive due process.................................................................... 110

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette - Overview....................................................................... 110

The right of privacy.................................................................................................................................................... 110

Individual rights after the New Deal.................................................................................................................. 110

Meyer v. Nebraska – Okay to teach foreign language to school children............................................. 111

Pierce v. Society of Sisters.............................................................................................................................. 111

Griswold v. Connecticut - Condommania................................................................................................... 111

Eisenstadt v. Baird........................................................................................................................................... 114

Abortion.................................................................................................................................................................. 114

Roe v. Wade...................................................................................................................................................... 114

Roe and Griswold............................................................................................................................................. 116

Planned Parenthood v. Casey – Abortion waiting period and other restrictions.................................. 116

AK’s approach to abortion question............................................................................................................ 122

Bowers v. Hardwick - Sodomy........................................................................................................................... 124

Washington v. Glucksberg - Physician-assisted suicide.................................................................................. 126

Sex and sexual orientation........................................................................................................................................ 129

Reed v. Reed..................................................................................................................................................... 129

Frontiero v. Richardson – Classification based on sex inherently suspect............................................ 129

Craig v. Boren – Beer sales to 18 – 20 year-old women only, not men................................................. 129

United States v. Virginia – VMI gender integration................................................................................... 130

Other Candidates for heightened scrutiny........................................................................................................ 132

Romer v. Evans – Special rights for gays.................................................................................................... 132

Case Summaries................................................................................................................................................................. 134

Strauder v. West Virginia (1880): 14^th Amendment.................................................................................. 134

Peters v. Kiff (1972): 14^th Amendment....................................................................................................... 134

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): 13^th, 14^th Amendments................................................................................... 134

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 14^th Amendment, Equal Protection.......................................... 134

Bolling v. Sharpe (1954): 5^th Amendment, Equal Protection, Due Process.......................................... 135

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution................................................... 135

Cooper v. Aaron (1958): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution........................................................... 135

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. Ed. (1971): 14^th Amendment, Segregation.............................. 136

Freeman v. Pitts (1992): 14^th Amendment, School Desegregation.......................................................... 136

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816): Supremacy Clause, Judicial Review............................................... 136

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Implied Power, 10^th Amendment........................................................ 137

US Term Limits v. Thornton (1995): 10^th Amendment, Term Limits..................................................... 137

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Commerce Clause, Federal v. States............................................................. 138

US v. E.C. Knight (1895): Commerce, Anti-Trust...................................................................................... 138

Champion v. Ames [lottery case] (1903): Commerce.............................................................................. 139

Swift & Co. v. US (1905): Commerce, “Current of Commerce”............................................................ 139

The Shreveport Rate Case (1914): Commerce, “close and substantial relation”................................ 139

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918): Commerce, 10^th Amendment................................................................. 140

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin (1937) Commerce Clause, New Deal legislation....................................... 140

US v. Darby (1941): Commerce Clause, Child Labor, Manufacturing................................................. 141

Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964......................................... 141

Katzenbach v. McClung (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964........................................ 141

US v. Lopez (1995): Commerce Clause, Guns in school zone................................................................ 142

South Dakota v. Dole (1987): Commerce Clause, 21^st Amendment..................................................... 143

Missouri v. Holland (1920): 10^th Amendment............................................................................................ 143

Katzenbach v. Morgan (S.Car.) (1966): 14^th A., Due Process, Literacy to Vote................................... 143

Boerne City v. Flores (1997): 1^st A. Free exercise v. 14^th A. Legislative authority................................ 143

Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968): 13^th Amendment, Equal Housing................................................................ 144

Garcia v. San Antonio Metro Transit Auth. (1985) 10^th A., Federalism................................................. 145

New York v. United States (1992): 10^th Amendment, Supremacy Clause............................................ 145

Printz v. United States (1997): 10^th A., Commerce Clause, Original Intent........................................... 146

Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852): Federalism, Concurrent Powers.................................................. 147

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978): Dormant Commerce Clause.............................................. 147

Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981): Safety v. Commerce.............................................. 148

West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994): Interstate Commerce....................................................... 148

Corfield v. Coryell (1823): Privilege and Immunity Clause..................................................................... 148

United Bldg. v. Camden (1984) Privilege & Immunity v. Commerce Clause...................................... 149

Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Separation of Powers, Emergency power.................................... 149

US v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. (1936) Separation of Power, External v. Internal...................................... 149

Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981): Implicit powers................................................................................... 149

Korematsu v. United States (1944): Emergency Executive Order.......................................................... 149

United States v. Nixon (1974): Executive Privilege................................................................................... 150

Clinton v. Jones (1997): Separation of Powers, Presidential Immunity................................................. 151

Mistretta v. United States (1989) “Non delegation” of Congressional Power....................................... 151

INS v. Chadha (1983): Legislative Veto...................................................................................................... 151

Clinton v. City of New York (1998): Separation of Powers, Line Item Veto........................................ 152

Bowsher v. Synar: (1986): Separation of Powers...................................................................................... 152

Morrison v. Olson (1988): Separation of Powers, Independent Counsel............................................... 152

Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon (1982): Separation of powers, delegation..................................... 152

Commodity Futures T.C. v. Schor (1986): Separation of Power, delegation........................................ 153

Ex Parte McCardle (1869) Separation of Powers, Exceptions clause.................................................... 153

Baker v. Carr (1962): Limits on Judicial Power, Political Questions....................................................... 154

Nixon v. United States (1993): Limits, Political Question......................................................................... 154

Raines v. Byrd (1997): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 154

Allen v. Wright (1984): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 155

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1975): Limits, Standing.......................................................................... 155

Missouri v. Jenkins (II) (1990): Limit, Scope of remedy.......................................................................... 155

Missouri v Jenkins (III) (1995): Limits Jurisdiction................................................................................... 156

Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Economic Liberties, Property Rights................................................................. 156

Ogden v. Saunders (1827): Economic Liberties, Contracts Clause........................................................ 157

Calder v. Bull: (1798): Economic Liberties, Ex post facto....................................................................... 157

The Slaughter House Cases (1873): Economic Liberties, 13^th, 14^th A, Monopolies............................. 158

Palko v. Connecticut (1937): Double Jeopardy, Due Process (14^th A.).................................................. 158

Adamson v. California (1947): 5^th A. not part of Due Process (14^th A.)................................................. 159

Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942): Due Process, Sterilization.......................................................................... 159

Lochner v. New York (1905): Substantive Due Process, Freedom to Contract.................................... 160

Bailey v. Alabama (1910): 13^th A., Race Discrimination......................................................................... 160

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 613