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Classifications of the object.Purely structural into prop. and non-prop. was proposed by prof. Smirnitskij.

It is not connected with the meaning, and that's the drawback. Traditionally the objects are divided into direct, indirect and propositional. e.g. He told me about his success. "about success" - prop. obj. This classification lacks homogeneous basis, because dir. and indirect obj. are singled out on the basis of meaning, and propositional obj. are singled out on the basis of form.

Po4eptsovdivided objects into object complement, addressee complement, subject complement.

Object complement denotes the object of the action. It can be both prop. and non-propositional. He looked at me.

Subject complement means the doer of the action, expressed by the verb, where the verb is used in passive. The addressee complementdenotes the thing or person to which the action is addressed. can be prop. and non-prop. He offered it to me. He offered me the book.

Attribute is a secondary part of the sent. characterising the thing as to its property or quality. Can be prepositional, when they procede the part of the sent. they qualify and postpositional when they follow the word they modify.The ways of expressing attributes: adjectival phrasesThe sand glittered like fine white sugar in the sun.pronouns and pronominal phrases.Here's some money for you.We had a good deal of reading to do. NumeralsIs it part 2 of the book?nouns and prepositional nominal phrases with nouns He was a man of very ... habbits.participial phrases.Vincent glanced over Christine knitting by the fire.gerund, gerundial complexes.There's no chance of our seeing him againinfinitive, inf. complexes.I haven't any time to spare.There is a problem for you to solve.by an attributive clauseSome called me by the name which no one here knew.

Adverbial Modifier's the secondary part of the sentense serving to characterise an action or a property as to its quality or intensity, or to indicate the way of the action is done, the time, place, cause, purpose or condition with which the action or the manifestation of the quality is connected. The ways of expressing adverbial modifiers:

adverb, adverbial phrase George is always busy. They worked till late at night. noun, pronoun, numeral Wait a minute, please. Behind him he could hear her sobbing. The classes begin on the 1st of September. participial complex. Signing Betty returned to the kitchen. Are you angry because of my being late? gerundial complex, a clause We stayed at home because it rained.

COMPOSITE SENTENCE

It expresses a complicated act of thought. In contrast to the simple sentence it is poly-predicative i. e. it has more than one predicative line or it reflects two or more elementary situations making of a unity. Each predicative unit in a composite sent. makes up a clause in it, so that a clause corresponds to a separate sentence. Clauses of such sentences may be connected syndetically, i.e. by means of conjunctions and conjunctive words - adverbs and pronouns, or asyndeticallyi.e. without any connectors. As to asyndetical connection of clauses, it is found both in compound and complex sentences. They had a little quarrel, he soon forgot. They had a little quarrel, but he soon forgot. Within a composite sentence clauses may be joined by coordination and subordination thus forming a compound and complex sentence respectively. Coordination is a way of linking gram. elements to make them equal in rank.



The door Henry's room opened and two men came in. Subordination is a way of linking gram. elements, that makes one of them dependent upon another. He always knew, what was the right thing. Sometimes coord. and subord. are combined within one sentence. In this case we have compound-complex and complex-compound sent.I know that she hates me, but I'll make her love me.He realized that he had a terrific responsibility and the best thing to do was to keep his mouth shut.

Intermediate types.There are sentences that occupy the intermediate pos. between the simple and the composite sent..

Prof. Blokh calls them semi-compos. sent. Among such transition of sent. the following types are singled out: a)Sentences with homogeneous spots. They cannot be called compound, because they can't be separated into two clauses and they have one separate subject. Scarlett stood in her apple-green second-day dress and saw the playing little face of... b) Sentences with a dependant appendix.Here belong sentences: -with conjunction "then" +noun or pronoun I know many ladies who were prettier than you. -sentences containing the construction "As...as"+an adj., noun or adverb. The conduct of a widow must be twice, as circumspect as that of a matron. Old Marley was as dead as a doornail. -with conj. "as though" + a phrase. John, though a little disappointed had too much good nature to make any opposition. c)Sentences with secondary predication, i.e. predication which is not between the subj. and pred. in the sent. There are several ways of expr. sec. pred. -complex object I heard Charley play the piano, -participle I saw him running. I found him ill. -absolute participial constructions The preliminary greetings spoken, Denis found an empty chair and sat down.

Compound sentences are such poly-predicative units, the clauses of which are joined by coordination, i.e. on an equal rank.*Po4ep considers that in compound sentences clauses are not equal. One of them is leading and the other is sequential.Conjunction always procede the seq. clause, while the connectors of adverbial character may ocupy any position in the sequental clause.John plays the piano, his sister, moreover, plays the violin.

There are the following types of coordination:1. Copulativecoordination. It implies that two events or ideas conveyed by coordinate clauses are merely joined by time and place. The copulative connectors are:-conjunctions "and, nor, neither, nor, not only but also, as well as",-adv. "then, moreover."2. Adversativecoordination joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction or contrast. adversative connectors are:-conj. but, while, whereas-conj. adv. yet, still, nevertheless.The story was amusing, but nobody laughed.It was midsummer, yet it was rather chilly.3.Disjunctive connection. Denotes choise. usually between two mutually-exclusive alternatives. Connecters are: or, either or, else, otherwise.Either listen to me, or I'll stop reading to you.4. Causitive-consecutive coordination. Joins clauses connected in the way, that one contains the reason, and the other - the consequence. The second clause may contain either the reason or the result of the event conveyed by the previous clause. For, so, so that, therefore.The days became longer, for it was now springtime.Everything is allright, so we needn't worry.

The same kind of relations may be expressed by a complex sent. with a subordinate clause of cause or result. The difference is that, that the connection between coordinate clauses is much looser, than betw. the subordinate and principle clauses. The cause or result expressed in coordination is added as a kind of afterthought, both clauses being independent and separated by a coma or a semi-column. The windows were opened, for it was hot.(coordination). The windows were opened because it was hot.(subordinate). It was so hot, that the windows were opened.

Complex sentence is a poly-pred. construction built-up on the principle of subordination. Subordination is a non-symmetrical relation betw. two clauses, one of which is the constituent part of the other.Each subordinate clause may itself become super ordinate to one or more other clauses, so that the hierarchy of clauses one within another may be built-up.

I think that you can do it if you try. Semantical relation between the clauses of complex sent. are much more numerous and more variant than betw. the clauses of the compound sentence, where the subordinate clauses may be joined by:

-conjunctions(after, before, while, till, untill, as, since, etc.), -phrases(as soon as...), -relative pronouns(who, which, whoever,etc.), -relative adverbs(when, why...)

Complex sent., which have two or more subordinate clauses are formed on two types of subordination: 1.Paralel subord. By PS such type is meant - two subord. clauses refer to one and the same main clause. When he agrees to hear me and when we have spoken the matter over, I'll tell you the results. 2.Consecutive subord. is such type of subord., when one subord. clause becomes the main clause in referance to the other subord. clauses. I have no idea why she said she couldn't call on us at the time I had suggested. So, the complex sent. consists of the principle(main clause) and subord. clause, but there are complex sent. in which the main clause is not represented even by a part of a sentence, but its component. What he learnt was that they had never arrived.

Subord. clauses: 1.acc. to their correlation with the parts of sent.:Subject, object,predicative,attributive,adverbial m.2.on the basis of correlation with the POS:Substentival, adjectival, adverbial

Subj. subord. clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the subject performs within a simple sentence. It had seemed certain, that their meeting was fortunate.

"It" here is a formal, or structural subject, and the subordinate clause "that their meeting was fort." is a real subject. "It" being a real subject - subord. clause is appositional. Predicative clausesare such ones, if they are dropped, the sentense will be unfinished, i.e. there will be a link verb, but the predicative will be missing. This was exactly what she had expected him to say. If the clause drops, the predicative will be missing and will destroy semantic completeness. It's because he is weak, that he needs me. Object clause is a clause which performs within the complex sent. the same function as the object performs within a simple sent. He bought what he wanted. It depends on what you will say. Attributive clauses are clauses the function of which in the complex sent. is analogous to that of an attribute in a simple sent. She sat down behind teatray, which the servant had just brought in. Adverbial clauses are the most numerous and they correspond to diff. adv. modifiers. Adv. clause of time. when, after, before, till, untill, since...Adv. clauses of place where, wherever Adv clauses of condition if, unless, provided that, as long as, on condition that. Concessive clausesimply a contrast betw. two circumstances.though, although, even if.Although he hadn't eaten for days, he looked very fit. Clauses of cause -because, as, since. Clauses of purpose -in order to, so as to. Result clauses - so that, so. Clauses of manner - as, exactly as. Adverbial clauses of comparison -as if.

There are so-called parenthetical clauses, that are inserted into the structure of the sent.. They can express the speaker's attitude to the statement made in the sent., or they show the relation of the statement to the one previously mentioned. In most cases represented asindetically, though sometimes the conj. "as" is used. As they see it...You are not afraid, I hope, he is, as I told you, their only son.

SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENSE

1.The theory of semantical roles.

2.Actual division of the sentense.

3.Means of expressing actual division of the sentense.

 

As each sentense is a sign of situation we can speak about situational semantics of the sent. French linguist Lucien Turnier compared the sent. with the small drama which has its participants and circumstances. When we analyse the sent. as it is represented in speech, we speak about its surface structure, which can be descr. in terms of subject, object, predicate, attr. and adv. mod.

On the other hand, when we anal. the sent. as a sign of situation we speak about its deep structure.

e.g. The role of Febra was played by a beautiful French actress madam Besenson.

The deep structure is singled out with the help of transformations and semantic functions of words in the deep structure of the sentense are calle "semantical roles". The main are:

1. Agent denotes an animated thing that fullfills the action rendered by the word. In the surface structure it is convayed by a subject.

e.g. I read the note/The note was read by me.

2. Nominative correlates with the agent, but unlike the agent it is expressed by inanimate noun.

e.g. His eyes twinkled. Mountains frightened him.

3. Patientdenotes the object of the action. It can be rendered by the object, or the object compliment in the surface structure.

4. Factitive denotes the result of the action.

The boy dug the ground/The boy dug the hole. Hole is the factitive here.

5. Instrument implies the intention of action. It is always used in structures which contain the agent.

e.g. Dan opened the door with a key.

6. Locative has different subtypes that correspond many locative meanings with the help of prepositions "on, in, of, about..."

e.g. He jumped from the rock into the sea.

Usually locatives correspond to the adverbial modifier of a certin structure. But in some cases they may be convayed by the subject.

e.g. The bus holds 40 people. 40 people can sit in the bus.

7. Temportive usually corresponds to the adv. mod. of time in the surface structure.

e.g. Tomorrow is his birthday.

 


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 767


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