disorder - a disturbance of the peace or of public order

What is the difference between these words: sickness, illness, disease…?

They all mean very similar things, apart from perhaps "disease" which is more specific. So you could say "he is suffering from an illness" (he is unwell, but that what that illness is may or may not be known) or "he is suffering from a disease" (he is suffering from some specific disease, eg cancer.)

"Ailment" and "malady" are very old fashioned words which you are unlikely to encounter in daily use.

Sickness and illness are similar.

Disease is, I think, the result of a part of the body having a serious problem, such as cancer, dementia, gall bladder problems.

Ailment is a minor problem which may be permanent or temporary.

Malady is similar to sickness or illness.

The terms used most in colloquial speech would be sickness, illness, and sometimes disease. Ailment and malady are less common and used more in writing.

Ailment

A physical or mental disorder, especially a mild illness.

a slight but often persistent illness

ailment - an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

If you've got a rash or a persistent cough, you can call that an ailment. Some other common ailments are allergies or chronic headaches. They can be a real pain. Literally.

The word ailment comes from the Old English eglan meaning "to trouble, plague, afflict," and the suffix -ment from the Latin mentum, which when added to the end of word describing an action turns that word into the result of that action. So the result of something that troubles, plagues or afflicts you is an ailment — a pain or discomfort that just doesn't seem to go away.

Synonyms:

complaint, ill

Sickness

1. The condition of being sick; illness.

2. A disease; a malady.

3. Nausea.

4. A defective or unsound condition.

sickness (ˈsɪknɪs)

n

1. (Pathology) an illness or disease

2. (Pathology) nausea or queasiness

3. (Medicine) the state or an instance of being sick

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

sick•ness (ˈsɪk nɪs)

n.

1. a particular disease or malady.

2. the state or an instance of being sick.

3. nausea; queasiness.

[before 1000]

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

Thesaurus

≠Antonyms

↔Related Words

≡Synonyms

Legend:

Noun 1. sickness - impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism

≡illness, unwellness, malady

↔condition - an illness, disease, or other medical problem; "a heart condition"; "a skin condition"

↔health problem, ill health, unhealthiness - a state in which you are unable to function normally and without pain

↔ague - a fit of shivering or shaking

↔amyloidosis - a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid in organs or tissues; often secondary to chronic rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis or multiple myeloma

↔anuresis, anuria - inability to urinate

↔catastrophic illness - severe illness requiring prolonged hospitalization or recovery; usually involves high costs for hospitals and doctors and medicines

↔collapse, prostration - an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion; "the commander's prostration demoralized his men"

↔bends, caisson disease, decompression sickness, gas embolism, aeroembolism, air embolism - pain resulting from rapid change in pressure

↔food poisoning, gastrointestinal disorder - illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food

↔lead poisoning, plumbism, saturnism - toxic condition produced by the absorption of excessive lead into the system

↔disease - an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning

↔hypermotility - excessive movement; especially excessive motility of the gastrointestinal tract

↔indisposition - a slight illness

↔ozone sickness - illness that can occur to persons exposed to ozone in high-altitude aircraft; characterized by sleepiness and headache and chest pains and itchiness

↔toxaemia, toxaemia of pregnancy, toxemia, toxemia of pregnancy - an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and edema and protein in the urine

↔growth - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)

2. sickness - defectiveness or unsoundness; "drugs have become a sickness they cannot cure"; "a great sickness of his judgment"

↔defectiveness, faultiness - the state of being defective

3. sickness - the state that precedes vomiting

≡nausea

↔kinetosis, motion sickness - the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle

↔symptom - (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease

↔morning sickness - nausea early in the day; a characteristic symptom in the early months of pregnancy

↔queasiness, squeamishness, qualm - a mild state of nausea

Disorder

1. A lack of order or regular arrangement; confusion.

2. A breach of civic order or peace; a public disturbance.

3. An ailment that affects the function of mind or body: an eating disorder.

tr.v. dis·or·dered, dis·or·der·ing, dis·or·ders

1. To throw into confusion or disarray.

2. To disturb the normal physical or mental health of; derange.

disorder - a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time….

↔immunological disorder - a disorder of the immune system

↔physical condition, physiological condition, physiological state - the condition or state of the body or bodily functions

↔functional disorder - disorder showing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

↔organic disorder - disorder caused by a detectable physiological or structural change in an organ

↔abocclusion - the condition in which the upper teeth do not touch the lower teeth when biting

↔abruptio placentae - a disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus

↔achlorhydria - an abnormal deficiency or absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; often associated with severe anemias and cancer of the stomach

↔acholia, cholestasis - a condition in which little or no bile is secreted or the flow of bile into the digestive tract is obstructed

↔achylia, achylia gastrica - absence of gastric juices (partial or complete)

↔acute brain disorder, acute organic brain syndrome - any disorder (as sudden confusion or disorientation) in an otherwise normal person that is due to reversible (temporary) impairment of brain tissues (as by head injuries or drugs or infection)

↔ailment, complaint, ill - an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

↔eating disorder - a disorder of the normal eating routine

↔bladder disorder - a disorder of the urinary bladder

↔cardiovascular disease - a disease of the heart or blood vessels

↔celiac disease - a disorder in children and adults; inability to tolerate wheat protein (gluten); symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation; often accompanied by lactose intolerance

↔cheilosis, perleche - a disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth; caused by a deficiency of riboflavin

↔choking - a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs (as with food or swelling of the larynx)

↔colpoxerosis - a condition in which the vagina is unusually dry

↔degenerative disorder - condition leading to progressive loss of function

↔dysaphia - a disorder in the sense of touch

↔dysosmia, olfactory impairment, parosamia - a disorder in the sense of smell

↔dysphagia - condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful

↔dysuria - painful or difficult urination

↔failure - loss of ability to function normally; "kidney failure"

↔fantods - an ill-defined state of irritability and distress

↔adenosis, gland disease, glandular disease, glandular disorder - a disorder of the glands of the body

↔hyperactivity - a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement

↔impacted tooth, impaction - a disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally

↔impaction - a disorder in which feces are impacted in the lower colon

↔learning disability, learning disorder - a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills

↔malocclusion - (dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally

↔idiopathic disease, idiopathic disorder, idiopathy - any disease arising from internal dysfunctions of unknown cause

↔folie, mental disorder, mental disturbance, psychological disorder, disturbance - (psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness

↔metabolic disorder - a disorder or defect of metabolism

↔nervous disorder, neurological disease, neurological disorder - a disorder of the nervous system

↔hydrocele - disorder in which serous fluid accumulates in a body sac (especially in the scrotum)

↔sleep disorder - a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern

↔strangulation - the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage

↔haematocolpometra, hematocolpometra - accumulation of blood in the vagina and uterus

↔haematocolpos, hematocolpos - accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina (usually due to an imperforate hymen)

↔defect of speech, speech defect, speech disorder - a disorder of oral speech

↔psilosis, sprue, tropical sprue - a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation

2. disorder - a condition in which things are not in their expected places; "the files are in complete disorder"

≡disorderliness

↔condition, status - a state at a particular time; "a condition (or state) of disrepair"; "the current status of the arms negotiations"

↔shambles - a condition of great disorder

↔untidiness - the condition of being untidy

↔mess, messiness, muss, mussiness - a state of confusion and disorderliness; "the house was a mess"; "she smoothed the mussiness of the bed"

↔disarrangement, disorganisation, disorganization - a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted

↔clutter, fuddle, jumble, mare's nest, muddle, smother, welter - a confused multitude of things

≠orderliness, order - a condition of regular or proper arrangement; "he put his desk in order"; "the machine is now in working order"

disorder - a disturbance of the peace or of public order

↔state - the way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state"

↔anarchy, lawlessness - a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

↔instability - an unstable order

↔confusion - disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; "the army retreated in confusion"

↔rioting, riot - a state of disorder involving group violence

↔rowdiness, rowdyism, disorderliness, roughness - rowdy behavior

↔commotion, hoo-ha, hoo-hah, hurly burly, kerfuffle, to-do, disruption, disturbance, flutter - a disorderly outburst or tumult; "they were amazed by the furious disturbance they had caused"

↔discord, strife - lack of agreement or harmony

↔Sturm und Drang, upheaval, turbulence - a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally); "the industrial revolution was a period of great turbulence"

≠order - established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order"

Verb 1. disorder - disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed; "She was rather perturbed by the news that her father was seriously ill"

≡cark, disquiet, perturb, unhinge, distract, trouble

↔vex, worry - disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress; "I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me"

↔disturb, trouble, upset - move deeply; "This book upset me"; "A troubling thought"

2. disorder - bring disorder to

≡disarray

↔alter, change, modify - cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue"

↔mess, mess up - make a mess of or create disorder in; "He messed up his room"

↔throw out of kilter, derange, perturb - throw into great confusion or disorder; "Fundamental Islamicists threaten to perturb the social order in Algeria and Egypt"

↔disarrange - disturb the arrangement of; "disarrange the papers"

↔throw together, jumble, scramble - bring into random order

≠order - bring order to or into; "Order these files"

ailment (redirected from ailments)

Also found in: Medical, Legal.

ail·ment

(āl′mənt)

n.

A physical or mental disorder, especially a mild illness.

Trouble

1. A state of distress, affliction, difficulty, or need: tried to console them in their trouble; got in trouble with the police.

2. A distressing or difficult circumstance or situation: I've had troubles ever since I took this job.

3. A cause or source of distress, disturbance, or difficulty: The new recruits were a trouble to him.

4. Effort, especially when inconvenient or bothersome: went to a lot of trouble to find this book.

5. A condition of pain, disease, or malfunction: heart trouble; car trouble.

6.

a. Public unrest or disorder.

b. An instance of this; a disturbance.

c. Troubles Any of various conflicts or rebellions in Ireland or Northern Ireland, especially the period of social unrest in Northern Ireland beginning in 1969.

v. trou·bled, trou·bling, trou·bles

v.tr.

1. To afflict with pain or discomfort: My stomach is troubling me.

2.

a. To cause to be anxious or worried: was troubled by the decline in sales.

b. To cause to have emotional or mental problems that interfere with social functioning: a teenager who is troubled and needs help.

3. To inconvenience; bother: May I trouble you for directions?

4. To agitate; stir up: winds troubling the waters.

v.intr.

To take pains: They trouble over every detail.

trouble (ˈtrʌbəl)

1. a state or condition of mental distress or anxiety

2. a state or condition of disorder or unrest: industrial trouble.

3. a condition of disease, pain, or malfunctioning: she has liver trouble.

4. a cause of distress, disturbance, or pain; problem: what is the trouble?.

5. effort or exertion taken to do something: he took a lot of trouble over this design.

6. liability to suffer punishment or misfortune (esp in the phrase be in trouble): he's in trouble with the police.

7. a personal quality that is regarded as a weakness, handicap, or cause of annoyance: his trouble is that he's too soft.

8. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (plural)

a. political unrest or public disturbances

b. the Troubles political violence in Ireland during the 1920s or in Northern Ireland between the late 1960s and the late 1990s

9. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the Troubles political violence in Ireland during the 1920s or in Northern Ireland between the late 1960s and the late 1990s

10. the condition of an unmarried girl who becomes pregnant (esp in the phrase in trouble)

vb

11. (tr) to cause trouble to; upset, pain, or worry

12. (usually with a negative and foll by: about) to put oneself to inconvenience; be concerned: don't trouble about me.

13. (intr; usually with a negative) to take pains; exert oneself: please don't trouble to write everything down.

14. (tr) to cause inconvenience or discomfort to: does this noise trouble you?.

15. (tr; usually passive) to agitate or make rough: the seas were troubled.

16. (tr) Caribbean to interfere with: he wouldn't like anyone to trouble his new bicycle.

n. v.t.

1. to disturb the mental calm and contentment of; worry; distress: The sufferings of the poor troubled him.

2. to put to inconvenience, exertion, pains, or the like: May I trouble you to shut the door?

3. to cause bodily pain or discomfort to; afflict: to be troubled by arthritis.

4. to annoy, vex, or bother.

5. to disturb or agitate so as to make turbid, as water.

v.i.

6. to put oneself to inconvenience, extra effort, or the like.

7. to be distressed; worry.

n.

8. difficulty, annoyance, or harassment: to make trouble for someone.

9. an unfortunate or distressing position, circumstance, or occurrence: financial trouble.

10. civil disorder, disturbance, or conflict.

11. a physical disease, ailment, etc.: heart trouble.

12. mental or emotional distress; worry.

13. effort or inconvenience in accomplishing some action, deed, etc.: not worth the trouble.

14. an objectionable feature; drawback: the trouble with the proposal.

15. a cause or source of disturbance, annoyance, etc.

16. a mechanical defect or breakdown: trouble with the washing machine.

17. the Troubles,

a. the violence and civil war in Ireland, 1920–22.

b. the conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, beginning in 1969.

Idioms:

in trouble, pregnant out of wedlock (used as a euphemism).

Noun 1. trouble - a source of difficulty; "one trouble after another delayed the job"; "what's the problem?"

≡problem

↔difficulty - a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result; "serious difficulties were encountered in obtaining a pure reagent"

↔pressure point - where problems or difficulties are likely to occur; "a key pressure point in the controversy was the building permit"

↔can of worms - a source of unpredictable trouble and complexity

↔deep water - serious trouble

↔growing pains - problems that arise in enlarging an enterprise (especially in the early stages)

↔hydra - trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality; "we may be facing a hydra that defies any easy solution"

↔matter - a problem; "is anything the matter?"

2. trouble - an angry disturbance; "he didn't want to make a fuss"; "they had labor trouble"; "a spot of bother"

≡bother, hassle, fuss

↔disturbance, perturbation - activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption; "the term `distress' connotes some degree of perturbation and emotional upset"; "he looked around for the source of the disturbance"; "there was a disturbance of neural function"

3. trouble - an event causing distress or pain; "what is the trouble?"; "heart trouble"

↔happening, natural event, occurrence, occurrent - an event that happens

↔misfortune, bad luck - unnecessary and unforeseen trouble resulting from an unfortunate event

↔affliction - a cause of great suffering and distress

↔convulsion - a physical disturbance such as an earthquake or upheaval

↔embarrassment - some event that causes someone to be embarrassed; "the outcome of the vote was an embarrassment for the liberals"

↔blaze, hell - a cause of difficulty and suffering; "war is hell"; "go to blazes"

↔onslaught - a sudden and severe onset of trouble

↔scandal, outrage - a disgraceful event

↔interference, noise, disturbance - electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication

4. trouble - an effort that is inconvenient; "I went to a lot of trouble"; "he won without any trouble"; "had difficulty walking"; "finished the test only with great difficulty"

≡difficulty

↔elbow grease, exertion, effort, travail, sweat - use of physical or mental energy; hard work; "he got an A for effort"; "they managed only with great exertion"

↔the devil - something difficult or awkward to do or deal with; "it will be the devil to solve"

↔tsuris - (Yiddish) aggravating trouble; "the frustrating tsuris he subjected himself to"

5. trouble - a strong feeling of anxiety; "his worry over the prospect of being fired"; "it is not work but worry that kills"; "he wanted to die and end his troubles"

≡worry

↔anxiety - a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune

6. trouble - an unwanted pregnancy; "he got several girls in trouble"

↔maternity, pregnancy, gestation - the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus

Verb 1. trouble - move deeply; "This book upset me"; "A troubling thought"

≡disturb, upset

↔charge up, commove, agitate, rouse, excite, turn on, charge - cause to be agitated, excited, or roused; "The speaker charged up the crowd with his inflammatory remarks"

↔jolt - disturb (someone's) composure; "The audience was jolted by the play"

↔cark, disorder, disquiet, perturb, unhinge, distract, trouble - disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed; "She was rather perturbed by the news that her father was seriously ill"

↔impress, strike, affect, move - have an emotional or cognitive impact upon; "This child impressed me as unusually mature"; "This behavior struck me as odd"

↔distress - cause mental pain to; "The news of her child's illness distressed the mother"

2. trouble - to cause inconvenience or discomfort to; "Sorry to trouble you, but..."

≡discommode, disoblige, incommode, inconvenience, put out, bother

↔affect, bear upon, impact, bear on, touch on, touch - have an effect upon; "Will the new rules affect me?"

↔distress, straiten - bring into difficulties or distress, especially financial hardship

3. trouble - disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed; "She was rather perturbed by the news that her father was seriously ill"

≡cark, disorder, disquiet, perturb, unhinge, distract

↔vex, worry - disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress; "I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me"

↔disturb, trouble, upset - move deeply; "This book upset me"; "A troubling thought"

4. trouble - take the trouble to do something; concern oneself; "He did not trouble to call his mother on her birthday"; "Don't bother, please"

≡bother, inconvenience oneself, trouble oneself

↔strain, strive, reach - to exert much effort or energy; "straining our ears to hear"

5. trouble - cause bodily suffering to and make sick or indisposed

≡pain, ail

↔hurt - give trouble or pain to; "This exercise will hurt your back"

↔recrudesce, break out, erupt - become raw or open; "He broke out in hives"; "My skin breaks out when I eat strawberries"; "Such boils tend to recrudesce"

Nikolay Pirogov

Nikolay Pirogov in 1870

Born 25 November 1810

Moscow, Russian Empire

Died 5 December 1881 (aged 71)

Vishnya, Russian Empire (now Vinnytsia, Ukraine)

Residence Russian Empire

Citizenship Russian Empire

Nationality Russian

Fields Medicine, Surgery, Anatomy

Institutions University of Dorpat

Alma mater Imperial Moscow University

Known for Field surgery

Notable awards Demidov Prize (1844, 1851 and 1860)

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Пирого́в; IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ pʲɪrɐˈɡofʲ] ( listen)) (25 November [O.S. 13 November] 1810 – 5 December [O.S. 23 November] 1881) was a prominent Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847). He is considered to be the founder of field surgery, and was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic. He was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation (1847), invented various kinds of surgical operations, and developed his own technique of using plaster casts to treat fractured bones. He is one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians.

Biography

Childhood and training

Pirogov was born on 25 November 1810 in Moscow, Russia, to a major in the commissary service. He learned to read in several languages as a young child. His father died in 1824, leaving his family destitute. Pirogov originally intended to become a civil servant, but the family doctor, Efrem Mukhin, who was a professor of anatomy and physiology at Moscow State University, persuaded the authorities to accept him as a student aged only.

Despite limited experience at medical school, Pirogov decided to specialize as a surgeon when he completed his studies in 1828. He completed further studies at the German University of Dorpat, (now the state university in Tartu, Estonia), receiving a doctorate in 1832 on the ligation of the ventral aorta. There he studied under Professor Moyer, who was trained by Italian anatomist Antonio Scarpa, both influencing figures for Pirogov, and was professor from 1836 to 1840. In May 1833, he travelled to Berlin, meeting surgeons Karl Ferdinand von Graefe, Johann Nepomuk Rust and Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach at the University of Berlin. Germany's renowned surgeon, Professor Bernhard von Langenbeck, taught Pirogov how to properly use the scalpel, namely like a violin bow. Pirogov also visited the University of Göttingen.

Years as doctor and field surgeon.

In October 1840, Pirogov took up an appointment as professor of surgery at the academy of military medicine in Saint Petersburg, and undertook three years of military service in this period. He first used ether as an anaesthetic in 1847, and investigated cholera from 1848. Around this time he compiled his the anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body (vol. 1–4, 1851–1854).

He worked as an army surgeon in the Crimean War, arriving in Simferopol on December 11, 1854. From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery. He followed work by Louis-Joseph Seutin[2] in introducing plaster casts for setting broken bones, and developed a new osteoplastic method for amputation of the foot, known as the "Pirogov amputation". He was also the first to use anethesis in the field, particularly during the siege of Sevastopol, and he introduced a system of triage into five categories. He encouraged female volunteers as an organised corps of nurses, the Khrestovozvizhenska community of nurses established by Grand Duchess Yelena Pavlovna, echoing the efforts made by Florence Nightingale for the British.

He returned to Saint Petersburg after the end of the war in 1856, but withdrew from the academy. He wrote an influential paper on the problems of pedagogy, arguing for the education of the poor, non-Russians, and women. He also argued against early specialisation, and for the development of secondary schools. He returned to the Crimea as a superintendent of schools. He moved to Kiev in 1858 after disagreements with the governor general in Odessa. In 1856, he retired to his estate in Vishnya in central Ukraine. He treated the local peasants there, established a clinic, and learned the Ukrainian language. The composer Tchaikowsky was one of his visitors there. Around this time he wrote The Old Physician's Diary and "Questions of Life".

In 1862, he took charge of a delegation of Russian students that was sent overseas to train as teachers. He treated Giuseppe Garibaldi for an injury to his foot sustained at Aspromonte on 28 August. Pirogov returned to Russia in 1866, leaving his estate only rarely. He visited the battlefields and field hospitals of the Franco–Prussian War in 1870, as a representative of the Russian Red Cross, and was again a field surgeon in the Russo–Turkish War in 1877.

He last appeared in public on 24 May 1881, and died later that year in the village of Vishnya (now Vinnytsia, Ukraine). His body is preserved using embalming techniques he himself developed, and rests in a church in Vinnitsa, Ukraine. Compared to the corpse of Lenin, which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging: it is said that only dust has to be brushed off of it. It resides at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).

Legacy

Nikolay Pirogov was from 1847 corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and received in 1844, 1851 and 1860 the Demidov Prize by the academy. He was appointed honorary citizen of Moscow in 1881. The Pirogov Society was founded four years after his death, which aims for better medical training and treatment in Russia.

The Pirogov Museum is located in Vinnytsia, Ukraine at his former estate and clinic. Near this 1947 building is a mausoleum which is used as a family chapel and in which his embalmed body is visible in public. Pirogov Glacier in Antarctica,[4] the large Pirogov Hospital in Sofia, Bulgaria and the 2506 Pirogov asteroid, discovered in August 1976 by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, are all named in honour of him. The medical universities Russian National Research Medical University and Odessa State Medical University were formerly named after him, until the Russian Revolution; Vinnytsia Medical University was named after N. Pirogov in 1960. Stamps with his portrait were published in the Soviet Union in 1949 and his 150th anniversary in 1960. The highest humanitarian prize in the Soviet Union was the Pirogov Gold Medal.

Apart from his developed foot amputation techniques, several anatomical structures were named after him, such as the Pirogoff angle; the Pirogoff aponeurosis, a structure from fascia and the aponeurosis of the biceps; the Pirogoff triangle, a triangular area located between the mylohyoid muscle, the intermediate tendon of the musculus digastricus and the hypoglossal nerve.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 915