Abstract reading and writing

The adjective “abstract”, e.g., “abstract concepts”, must not be confused with the noun “abstract”. A précis (конспект, реферат) is any abbreviated and condensed reproduction of essential facts, the main ideas, points, details of an original text. In scientific literature the term “abstract” is more preferable. An abstract (реферат) is the expression in a condensed form of the content of any piece of scientific writing in a limited number of sentences. You must briefly formulate the main ideas in your own words excluding and omitting the unnecessary details. Facts must become plain statements. An abstract consists of a) an introduction, i.e., data (the printed source, the author’s name, the title); b) the principal part; c) the conclusion. To write an abstract of a text you must 1) read, translate and analyze the text; 2) display its components structure; 3) assess its subject matter; 4) analyze its grammatical and stylistic peculiarities. When the text is completely understood, start writing an abstract, i.e., a brief condensation of the whole text:

1. Give your abstract a suitable title;

2. Begin your abstract with one of the introductory general phrases: The text deals with… (speaks about, says that, presents, shows, relates, points out, discusses, describes, reviews, sketches, surveys, consists of, is devoted to, throws light on, gives some comments on, traces the history of, outlines the development of, offers an overview, etc.)

3. The principal part must not exceed six plain statements generalizing the main idea of the text in a logical sequence;

4. Conclude the abstract with your personal viewpoint (opinion, judgment, critical comments, etc.) of both the content and the language of the text, using the given phrases:

The text is (non) informative…; The language is quite (un)manageable…; There are practically no (many) unknown words…

The text is dry, dull and boring…; The reading of the text gives (doesn’t give) some satisfaction and pleasure…; The information is up-to-date (out-of-date)…; The style is formal (academic)…; The meaning of the unfamiliar words can(not) be grasped from the context…; It is (not) worth reading and abstracting…; The reading of the text increases (decreases) language skills.

Text 1. Read and render the text into Russian. Make up an abstract of it:

Look Before You Spend and Think Before You Splurge

by: BMA Editorial Team 3

Money Management deals with the question of how much risk a decision maker should take in situations where uncertainty is present. More precisely the percentage or the part of the decision maker's wealth should be put into risk in order to maximize the decision maker's utility function.

There is always pain in prudent money management. Most of this pain is inflicted by unexpected expenses. The best that one can do is to put away all one's savings in a bank for the future and try to not to go overboard with one's spending.

Today when stores sell products and services on credit and one can faces no problems in shopping with a credit card; we can clearly see how spending limits have increased. Thanks to credit cards, the buyer can put off thinking about payments for the purchase for over a month. It would be imprudent to behave as if one does not have to eventually pay for credit card purchases. Thus, if such a person makes a purchase which he really cannot afford, he will be going beyond his means by inviting a debt that he will need to repay. Spending money that you do not have is one of the most common mistakes that people make. And, as we all know, it is a mistake that comes with a heavy price. It would have been charming if it was not sad that one runs up ones credit card bills with money that need not have been spent.

It is not always luxuries that put us in debt. It can also be issues related to health. Such expenses can leave us in debt for years to come because we were not prepared for them. Borrowing money or taking loans would be yet another way of landing up in a debt trap. These debt burdens could end up haunting us for a long while till we manage to repay them all. It is very easy to spend or borrow money, but when the time comes to repay this money, that is when we all start feeling the pinch. It is then that we start regretting having spent as much as we did. Gambling money away is one of the stupidest ways of losing money. The possibility of winning a gamble does exist. But unless you are the God that decides the way the dice turns, do not bank on it.

When one is stuck in the spiral of debt there are very few ways to get out of it. However, one should remember that getting into debt is a lot easier than getting out of it. Keeping close watch over the expenditure on a daily basis will give you an idea of where the money is vanishing. Another mode would be to stop using credit cards. This will bring down your debt burdens drastically. But I guess it is easy to realize that it is not easy to avoid shopping urges. If you have an EMI or a loan that needs to be repaid, consolidate the information and get in touch with the lenders. Make sure that they know of your intention to repay. And get into a regimented payment plan...

How to choose the most beneficial bank account option? Right from the time when we are children, we seek our own independence. Of course, at that age, independence is generally associated with things like the freedom to choose our friends and the kinds of games that we play. However, as we become older, we begin to associate independence with other things. It is at this time that independence and money come to be closely associated.

As we begin to earn salaries, we come to realize that we need to make our money grow. So we look forward to either investing our money in stocks and shares or depositing it in a bank. There is great joy to be gained in watching the money grow in multiple folds every year. It is for the same reason that we listen to the advice of friends and family members when the time comes to open an account. Most often, we choose to open an account with a leading bank which offers various services. However, we should remember that these services are usually charged.

As a result, we should look out for banks that charge the lowest rates for these services. For instance, a number of banks charge an additional fee if we ask for things like locker facilities or a greater number of check books. However, this may not hold true for all banks. In fact, several banks willingly offer the same services at no extra cost. It is always better to open an account in no more than one or two banks. You might be tempted to go and get a few more bank accounts, but we would not recommend this. What happens if you do this is that you are unable to keep a track of your money. This takes place especially if you are in the habit of operating all the accounts simultaneously.

As a result, the savings in each diminishes at the same time. This is not a healthy way to operate a bank account. These days most bank accounts have the ATM facility; so we can draw cash in case of emergency. Before opening an account with a bank, we must think hard about whether it is going to be useful or not. If we are working on a project and our client has an account with a particular bank, it makes sense to have an account there. This will enable the client to transfer funds to you immediately through that account. If there is no such purpose, you would only be locking up your funds in an account that will not be operative.

Some banks also have the facility of automatically transferring your funds into a fixed deposit if you have not operated the account over a long period of time. This means that you earn more on the money in that account. In such a case, your decision would have been a good one. Bank accounts need to be kept track of. Some banks charge a fee if the account is not operated every so often. Such minor details could snowball into major ones, and we cannot afford to neglect them at any time...

Text 2. Read and render the text into Russian. Make up an abstract of it:

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1138