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Stolypin’s agrarian reform, formation of resettlement areas.

Stolypin's agrarian reform was a logical continuation of the peasant reform of 1861.

Consider the main reasons and objectives of the reform.

1. The situation of macroeconomic structural imbalance between industry-tion and agricultural sectors of the Russian economy: in the industrial complex is the industrial restructuring and implemented machine technology, the agricultural sector - domashinnye technology and economic depression.

2. The logical incompleteness of the total market restructuring the Russian economy, Miike due to weak development in the country's system of agricultural markets - food, raw materials, wholesale (market of agricultural machinery), the narrowness of the domestic market due to the low purchasing power of the peasant population. It was necessary a radical agrarian reform to include a patriarchal agrarian sector in the market and the commodity turnover.

3. The aggravation of the socio-political situation in the country during the revolution of 1905-1907.

On the one hand, we can highlight the positive economic effects of the reform: First, increase agricultural capacity of the internal market; sown area increased by 10%, the yield of crops increased by 14% of the gross yield of agricultural products increased by 80% (grain harvest - for 40%), the marketability of agricultural products increased by 48%, dramatically increased the demand for agricultural implements and fertilizers;

But, on the other hand, the reform has had and negative aspects: first, the preservation of the landlords land ownership and limited land market, and secondly, the poor development of intensive agricultural technologies: for example, the average grain yield was two times lower than in France, and three times lower than in Germany, 58% of farms had no plows and fertilizers used for only 2% of cultivated area, ie farm, with limited investment opportunities, could not use the effect of large-scale production and capital. In addition, the logical incompleteness of the reforms have affected a limited time period of its implementation (almost 8

years before the First World War) and Stolypin's assassination in September 1911.

First World War. Rebellion of 1916.:

The historiography of the issue.

National - liberation uprising of 1916.

Russian government is not going to arm the "unreliable" Kazakhs. Instead, it was decided to use the non-Russian population of Russia on the rear works. June 25, 1916 was issued a decree by which all non-Russian population aged 19 - 43 years should have been "requisitioned" to work to build fortifications in the army and in the rear works. In total, according to preliminary estimates, should be mobilized 390 thousand people.

The decree put the Kazakh steppe in a very difficult position because, mobilization was carried out during the harvest and preparation of cattle to the stretch of the winter pastures, haying. The call of all able-bodied male population undermined the economic base of the Kazakh economy. In fact, the rest of the Kazakhs were doomed to die of starvation in the winter 1916 - 1917 years.



Thus, in 1916 the growth of class and national oppression, war accelerated the process of national crisis in the country, one of the clearest manifestations become national - liberation uprising in 1916 that covered almost all the regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

The reasons for the uprising:

1. The massive seizure of land;

2. Arbitrary violence and royal officials;

3. Requisition of the huge amount of wealth for the war;

4. The increase in taxes;

5. The policy of Russification.

Gradually the grass-roots movement began to take on the organized nature: it large pockets appeared in Turgai and Seven Rivers, led by the leaders of A. Imanov, A.Dzhangeldinovym, T.Bokinym, B. Ashekeevym, J. Mambetov, etc.

The uprising spread all over Kazakhstan. It was directed against the military and colonial policy of the tsarist against the feudal elite Bahia village, against the imperialist war.

The main purpose of the rebellion in 1916 was national and political emancipation of the Kazakh people, that is, for freedom and independence.

The main driving force of the uprising were the wider national peasantry - ball, as well as representatives of the emerging working class artisans. Participated in it as well representatives and other sectors of the Kazakh people: bai, county stewards Namibia, as well as the democratic intelligentsia.

The reason for the uprising was the king's decree of June 25, 1916. In response to the royal decree revolted nations of the vast region - Kazakhstan and Turkestan.

In the Kazakh society relation to the decree, and the uprising was ambiguous: some feudal - Bahia tops, as well as administration officials supported the decree and became its chief conductor in life, radical intellectuals T. Bokin, Niyazbekov, Zhunusov, Aitiev, Dzhangildin opposed the decree and called upon the people to resist, and the leaders of the liberal - democratic intelligentsia Bukeikhanov, Baitursynov, Dulatov and others proposed to limit forms of peaceful protest, the tsarist authorities for fear of reprisals against the civilian population

The reason for the defeat of the uprising.

The reasons for the defeat of the uprising were: his spontaneity, lack of organization, it did not have a single senior and organized by the center.

The uprising in 1916 holds a special place in the history of centuries of national - liberation movement of the Kazakh people. For the first time after the national - liberation movement led Kenesary Kasymova uprising in 1916 had All-Kazakh character, covering all regions of the vast region. The uprising was the anti-colonial and anti-imperialist, class time (the struggle against the feudal lords) were secondary to the main objective of the uprising - the national and political liberation of the people.


Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1040


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Contribution to the study of Kazakhstan of Russian scientists | FirstI all-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg (5-13 December 1917) and its decision on the Kazakh autonomy.
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