Tsarism's policy in Kazakhstan in the 1-st half of ХIХ century

The capitalist system was in its development are two major stages. The first phase - the period of primitive accumulation of capital - from the mid-16th to the late 18th century. Its essence - the abolition of private ownership of labor and the emergence of capitalist private property based on the exploitation of wage there. The main type of production - manufacturing plant. The second stage - the period of industrialization (late 18th - 60th years of the 19th century. Essence - the emergence of large-scale machine production and the working class.

The second half of the 19th century in Russia - the time of "great reforms" carried out in almost all spheres of society.

Manifesto for the abolition of serfdom in 1861, followed by the Zemstvo reform - in 1864, the school - in 1864, the court - in 1864, the press - 1865, etc. As a result of the reforms of Alexander 2 Russia won a jury trial, an independent, transparent and non-estate, Bodies local government - the zemstvo. The peasants were given equal rights with the rest of the estates and obtained freedom.

Continuation of reforms in Russia were administrative reforms in Kazakhstan. In 1867, approved the "Provisional Regulations on Administration in Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions", and in 1868 - "Provisional Regulations on Administration in the steppe regions of Orenburg and West Siberian governor-general." According to these regulations, the territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three general-governorship: Turkestan, Orenburg and West Siberia. All the fullness of the military and civilian authorities concentrated in the hands of the Governor-General. Each Governor-General consisted of areas. In Orenburg included Ural and Turgay region, in West Siberia - Akmola and Semipalatinsk, in Turkestan - Semirechinskaya and Syrdarya. The territory of the former Bukeyev khanate was incorporated into the province of Astrakhan, Mangyshlak in 1870 became part of the Caucasus Military District, later in the Trans-Caspian region.

Stood at the head of the military governor. He was also the ataman Cossack troops stationed in the region. When the military governors were established regional board of three divisions: administrative, economic and legal. Each department is headed by a senior advisor. Areas were divided into districts. County chiefs were appointed by the Governor-General of the officers, on the proposal of the military governors of the area. Each district chief had two assistants - older and younger. The latter - the Sultan of nobility. The county chief was the head of the police authorities.

Each county was divided into townships, which were created by the territorial principle, the latter - administrative villages that combine several villages and household consisted of 100-200 tents. Township ruler amassed administrative and police authorities, should the collection of taxes, had the right to arrest for three days and fined. 1867-1868's reforms were instituted military-judicial commissions and county courts, acting on the basis of the imperial laws. Biys courts were kept in the villages and the courts Kaziev in the villages, which are guided by customary law and Sharia law. Biya approved by military governors. Also, set a new tax, with a population of Turkestan province - 2 rubles 75 kopecks, Orenburg and West Siberia - 3 rubles a year. The main change has touched the land issue - the government announced the Kazakh lands owned by the Russian state.

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 863