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CITIZENSHIP

Ukrainian citizenship is the primary pre-requisite for the State to protect rights and freedoms of its citizens on the territory ofUkraine as well as beyond its borders.

In accord with the Constitution of Ukraine, single citizenship is being exercised in the country. Ukraine does not support the idea of multiple citizenries since a person is not capable to equally efficiently use the rights and bear responsibilities with regard to several states. If a Ukrainian citizen acquired citizenship (nationality) of another country or countries, in legal relations withUkraine he/she is treated as the citizen of exclusively Ukraine. The same concerns an alien that acquired Ukrainian citizenship who is regarded in legal relations with this country as Ukrainian subject only. As to the issue of multiple citizenships, the position of Ukraine is fully in line with the international rules.

The Law “On the Ukrainian Nationality” states that irrespectively of the grounds for the acquiring, the citizenship of Ukraine is single and equal. Unrelated to the fact of citizenry being it from birth or receiving it on different grounds, all the nationals use equal rights and bear identical responsibilities.

The Law also stipulates the reasons for naturalization, in particular, by origin, by free choice, by reinstating citizenship, etc. Simultaneously, the law of Ukraine denies obtaining citizenship by certain categories of persons, specifically, to those who committed crime against humanity, perpetrated genocide, used acts of violence against the national independence of Ukraine, etc.

The same Law also provides for the grounds to give up Ukrainian citizenship and the procedure of carrying it out.

Revoking Ukrainian citizenship is allowed only under the condition that the person obtained citizenship of another country or is in possession of a document issued by the authorities of another nation proving the citizen is to receive the latter’s nationality after revoking that of Ukraine. The condition is directed at avoiding cases of stateless persons emerging resulted through abrogating Ukrainian subjecthood. Revoking Ukrainian citizenship is not allowed if a person seeking this is brought to trial being under accusation of criminal offence or against whom there is a court indictment in Ukraine that gained force and is executory.

Citizens of Ukraine are not liable to be deprived of citizenship or the right to alter the one, as well as of the right to return toUkraine at any time. Also, Ukrainian subjects cannot be banished or extradited.

Habitation or temporal stay of Ukrainian citizen beyond the country’s border does not sever his/her citizenship of Ukraine.

Aliens and stateless persons that stay in Ukraine of lawful grounds use the same rights and freedoms, and bear the same responsibilities as the citizens of Ukraine, which norm is vested in the Law of Ukraine “On Legal Status of Aliens”.

Ukraine meets its international commitments concerning protection of the human right of persons that left the country of his/her patriality or permanent residence. In particular, aliens and stateless persons may be granted asylum in accord with “The Law on Refugees”.



The President of Ukraine takes decision on admitting to and revoking citizenship of Ukraine, as well as granting asylum to aliens and stateless persons.

The state system of UK

The United Kingdom within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which theMonarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, on behalf of and by the consent of the Monarch, as well as by the devolvedGovernments of Scotland and Wales, and the Northern Ireland Executive. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of theParliament of the United Kingdom, theHouse of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliamentand Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest national court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party such as the Liberal Democrats to deliver a working majority in Parliament. The current Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government is the first coalition since 1945.[1]

With the partition of Ireland, Northern Ireland received home rule in 1920, though civil unrest meant direct rule was restored in 1972. Support for nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales led to proposals for devolution in the 1970s though only in the 1990s did devolution actually happen. Today, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each possess a legislature and executive, with devolution in Northern Ireland being conditional on participation in certain all-Ireland institutions. The United Kingdom remains responsible for non-devolved matters and, in the case of Northern Ireland, co-operates with the Republic of Ireland.

It is a matter of dispute as to whether increased autonomy and devolution of executive and legislative powers has contributed to a reduction in support for independence. The principal pro-independence party, the Scottish National Party, won an overall majority of MSPs at the 2011 Scottish parliament elections and now forms the Scottish Governmentadministration, with plans to hold a referendum on negotiating for independence. In Northern Ireland, the largest Pro-Belfast Agreement party, Sinn Féin, not only advocates Northern Ireland's unification with the Republic of Ireland, but also abstains from taking their elected seats in the Westminster government, as this would entail taking a pledge of allegiance to the British monarch.

The constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and other elements such as EU law. This system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the British Empire.

The United Kingdom is also responsible for several dependencies, which fall into two categories: the Crown dependencies, in the immediate vicinity of the UK, and British Overseas Territories, which originated as colonies of the British Empire.

The British Monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the Chief of State of the United Kingdom. Though she takes little direct part in government, the Crown remains the fount in which ultimate executive power over Government lies. These powers are known as Royal Prerogative and can be used for a vast amount of things, such as the issue or withdrawal of passports, to the dismissal of the Prime Minister or even the Declaration of War. The powers are delegated from the Monarch personally, in the name of the Crown, and can be handed to various ministers, or other Officers of the Crown, and can purposely bypass the consent of Parliament.

The head of Her Majesty's Government; the Prime Minister, also has weekly meetings with the sovereign, where she may express her feelings, warn, or advise the Prime Minister in the Government's work.[2]

According to the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom, the monarch has the following powers:

Domestic Powers

· The power to dismiss and appoint a Prime Minister

· The power to dismiss and appoint other ministers

· The power to summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament

· The power to grant or refuse Royal Assent to bills (making them valid and law)

· The power to commission officers in the Armed Forces

· The power to command the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom

· The power to appoint members to the Queen's Council

· The power to issue and withdraw passports

· The power to grant Prerogative of mercy (though Capital Punishment is abolished, this power is still used to remedy errors in sentence calculation)

· The power to grant honours

· The power to create corporations via Royal Charter

Foreign Powers

· The power to ratify and make treaties

· The power to declare War and Peace

· The power to deploy the Armed Forces overseas

· The power to recognize states

· The power to credit and receive diplomats

 

Executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, via Her Majesty's Government and the devolved national authorities - the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Northern Ireland Executive.


Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1035


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