Discuss about archaeological findings of Paleolithic period in Kazakhstan

24 Describe the term Jadidism and distinguished Jadids of XX centuries.

JADIDISM a movement of reform among Muslim intellectuals in Central Asia, mainly among the Uzbeks and the Tajiks, from the first years of the 20th century to the 1920s.

•The efforts among the Volga Tatars beginning in the 1880s and by EsmāʿilBeyGasprali/Gasprinski

•Terjümānbeginning in 1883, were crucial sources of ideas for the Jadids

The new generation of Jadids

•Donish, AbayKunanbaev, Aini, Hamza HakimzodaNiyazi, Furkat, Mukimiand others were studied as Jadidsand progressive thinkers, but Behbudi, Fitrat, MunawwarQari, Siddiki, Vasli, ‘Abdal-

Hamid Sulayman(Cholpon) and many others were mentioned merely as reactionary Jadidsand gradually the very concept of Jadidand Jadidismacquired a negative socio-political resonance in

the public consciousness.

The Pan-Turks intended to make the Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen and Kyrgyz peoples form a single, but artificial Turkic republic.

Pan-Turkism

•The ideology of Pan-Turkism was demonstrated most actively in the first post revolutionary years and on the eve of national-territorial demarcation and the formation of the Central Asian republics (1924).

They emphasized their common ethnic origin and their common religion, Islam. In other words, they were trying to give new impetus to Pan-Islamism on a secular basis in the form of Pan-Turkism.

The idea of a ‘single Turkic republic’ was also directed against the Russian central Government.

•The concepts of the Turkistaniand BukharanPan-Turkistscontained two ideas they thought important –on the one hand, forming a ‘single Turkic republic’, and on the other preventing the formation of the Republic of Tajikistan.

They openly denied the existence of the Tajiks, an ancient Central Asian nation:

•The Uzbek, Kazakh and Kyrgyz people inhabiting Turkistan are not separate nationalities, they all belong to one great Turkic nation. As for the Tajiks, they basically originate from the Türksand became Tajik only as a result of Iranian influence. This is why the Tajiks are Türks.

However paradoxical, this fact showed that the Tajiks as a nation were not ready even minimally to recognize themselves and defend their own national interests. In the first years of the revolution, in the 1920s, almost all the intelligentsia of Bukhara, Samarkand and Khujandparticipated actively in the Turkicizationof their people.

•In the second half of the 1920s the building of a new society in the region became a topical issue in the political life of Central Asia.

•The leaders of the Bolshevik Party, while understanding the complexity of the problem, nevertheless proclaimed the building of socialism in historically unfavourablecircumstances.

•Lenin was an educated man who understood the problem and set the question on a political plane –‘how to use communist tactics and politics in pre-capitalist conditions’.

•In other words, how was Marxism to be translated into the specific conditions of Central Asia?

•The socio-political thought of the Central Asian peoples, as had happened after the revolution, faced a new and quite difficult dilemma –the choice of a new path of development for their society, a society which could successfully and smoothly join the world community.

•One thing was obvious:

•this new society was not to be built on the basis of socialism and its methodology and ideology alone.

•To overcome the transition period and the general state of crisis within society, the intellectual and political elite must devote themselves to intensive mental and creative effort along the path to development

25 Analyse the long-term developing strategy "Kazakhstan 2030".

26 Write about banking and foreign capital in Kazakhstan during the tsarist Russia.

27 Describe the history of Nuclear explosion experiments in Semipalatinsk.

SEMIPALATINSK NUCLEAR TEST SITE

The Semipalatinsk Test Site ("The Polygon") was the primary nuclear testing site for the Soviet Union.

It's about 150 kilometers west of the town Semey(named Semipalatinsk until 2007).

The place was selected in 1947 by LavrentiyBeria, head of the Soviet atomic bomb project, who claimed the huge steppe region was totally uninhabited

OnAug. 29, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb in this spot, a 22.4 kiloton explosion codenamed “First Lightning,” that launched the nuclear arms race.

Four years later, the same earth shook with the Moscow’s first thermonuclear bomb—a 400 kiloton explosion 26 times more powerful than the bomb the United States dropped on Hiroshima.

Nuclear Detonation Timeline '1945-1998'

The RDS-1 (codename: First Lightning, but the Americans called it Joe-1, in reference to Stalin) was detonated here on 29 August 1949 –without evacuating the nearby cities and villages.

The Soviet Union became the second nation to successfully develop a nuclear bomb, but this project made a terrible impact on the local people.

456 TESTS IN FOUR DECADES

Between 1949 and 1989 this place saw 456 nuclear tests, including 340 underground and 116 atmospheric explosions with mushroom clouds.

These were roughly the equivalent of 2500 Hiroshima atomic bombs.

The Soviets conducted these tests without any regard for the effects on the local environment or the almost quarter-million inhabitants of the area.

Children with genetic diseases, leukemia, infertility, and cancer are really common here.

After the fall of the Soviet Union and the birth of Kazakhstan, in the Summer of 1991, the site was closed.

But a tenth of the country's total population –nearly 1.5 million people –have health problems.

Lots of poor people still live in the most dangerous zone in a semi-nomadic way and sell the remaining scrap metal for money.

One in every 20 children in the area is born with serious deformities, and half of them can't reach the age of 60.

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 879