Transnational (multinational) organizations

A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE)^[1] is a corporation that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country. It is a large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries.^[2] It can also be referred to as an international corporation.

They play an important role in globalization. Arguably, the first multinational business organization was the Knights Templar, founded in 1120.^[3][4][5] After that came the British East India Company in 1600 ^[6] and then the Dutch East India Company, founded March 20, 1602, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.^[7]

A corporation may choose to locate in a special economic zone, which is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws.

A transnational corporation (TNC) differs from a traditional MNC in that it does not identify itself with one national home. While traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign subsidiaries,^[10]TNCs spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness.^[11] An example of a TNC is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters.^[12]

32. Red Cross

The ICRC, established in 1863, works worldwide to provide humanitarian help for people affected by conflict and armed violence and to promote the laws that protect victims of war. An independent and neutral organization, its mandate stems essentially from the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, it employs some 12,000 people in 80 countries; it is financed mainly by voluntary donations from governments and from national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies.

The ICRC is committed to responding rapidly and efficiently to the humanitarian needs of people affected by armed conflict or by a natural disaster occurring in a conflict area. Hostilities can explode without warning; natural disasters can strike unexpectedly and their effects may be multiplied in countries already riven by war. In the face of such unpredictable emergencies, the ICRC attaches great importance to its ability to deploy rapidly in the field.

The ICRC is present in some 80 countries with around 11,000 staff worldwide. Its extensive network of missions and delegations allows it to act close to people affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence and to provide them with a meaningful response to their plight. The ten largest operations worldwide are Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Israel and the Occupied Territories, Colombia, Yemen, and Mali/Niger.

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 743