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Types of coinage
| class | group | subgroup, or type of formation | illustrations | ||
| phonetic | artificial | rah-rah, "a type of skirt", yecky/ yucky "repulsive" | |||
| phonetic borrowing | solidarnosc (Polish), dolce vita (Italian), Berufsverbot (German) | ||||
| morphological | compound | neutral | to catlick "to wash the dishes carelessly"; selflife "term of validity", free-fall "a sudden severe decline, esp. in stock-market proces, which shows no sign of stopping"; materclass; Amerenglish "Ameican English" | ||
| particle compound | in- "modern, the most fashionable" | in-crowd; in-group, in-language, in-thing | |||
| -in "protest, strike" | sit-in "a strike when workers remain at their working places"; laugh-in "organized laughing during a speech"; read-in "competition of reciters" | ||||
| block compound | spelt with a break | pile up "traffic jam'; trade off "exchange, substitution" | |||
| affixed compound | rubber-neck "a tourist who remains in the coach and is not curious about the country"; white-collardom; topsy-turvidom; righ-wingish; show-offy | ||||
| identical meaning component | -basher (bang+smash) | IRA-basher "person who is against IRA"; Paki-basher "a person who is against Pakistan" | |||
| -manship "ability, skill, knowhow" | lifemanship "ability to prosper in life'; showmanship "skill to show off" | ||||
| -hop "to move from place to place very quickly" | to job-hop; to tavern-hop; to bed-hop | ||||
| conversion | to Micky-mouse, to hero-worship; to frontpage | ||||
| backformation | to freeload < freeloader, freeloading "about people who go to receptions of different types to have free meals"; to baby-sit < baby-sitter; to bird-watch < birdwatching; to massproduce | ||||
| analogy | snowmobile (automobile); danceaholic (alcoholic); moneygram (telegram) | ||||
| -free "devoid of what is expressed by the first component" | waste-free; alcohol-free; nuclear-free; E-free "without additives" | ||||
| -friendly | ozone-friendly; planet-friendly; audience-friendly; customer-friendly | ||||
| -happy "fond of what is expressed by the first component" | travel-happy; queue-happy; power-happy | ||||
| -proof "defended from what is expressed by the firs component" | germ-proof; burglar-proof; depression-proof | ||||
| -oriented | money-oriented; computer-oriented; change-oriented; leisure-oriented; job-oriented | ||||
| -wide; -intensive | personnel-wide, Industry-wide; profit-intensive, neologism-intensive, labor-intensive | ||||
| terminological neologism, or neo-classical | built on the pattern of Latin or Greek compounds | [Gr. aer "air"] > aerogram, aeronaut, aerospace, aerocapture; [Gr. mania "madness"] > discomania, Beatlesmania | |||
| syntactical | with conjunction stems of different types | middle-of-the-roader; no-where-goer; roam-a-phone; do-it-yourselfer; me-too-ism; me-first-ism; here-and-now; all-or-none; hard-to-get | |||
| shortened or abbreviated forms | kidvid "a child who is a compulsive watcher of TV or video"; vid "short video film"; sexploitation (sex + exploitation); resto (restaurant); dinky (dual income no kids yet); super G (super giant slalom); SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) | ||||
| phraseological | phraseological units with transferred meanings | fudge and dodge "avoidance of definite decisions"; to nose out "to find out"; talk'n chalk "traditional method of teaching" | |||
| set non-idiomatic expressions | Rubic's clock/ cube; acid rain; a whizz kid "a very clever and ambitious young man, who makes a quick pogress in his career" | ||||
| substitutions | elder → older | older (in the family and in the age) | |||
| such →that | that kind of… | ||||
| so → that | not that simple | ||||
| as…as → not this | It can't be this cold tomorrow | ||||
| typical → very much | This is very much the case. | ||||
| to have → to get | He got his hair cut. | ||||
| to be → to get | to get born; to get caught in a heavy rain | ||||
Nonce words
Nonce word, or nonce form(ation) is a word which speaker consciously invents or accidentally uses on a single occasion, in order to solve an immediate problem of communication (circumtreeviation "the way a dog on a lead tends to walk round a tree on the opposite side to the way a its owner wants it to go").
Date: 2015-01-12; view: 1686
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