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SUMMARIES OFTHE LECTURES.

THEME 1.Introduction to Philosophy. Philosophy as phenomenon of culture. Its subject and functions. Philosophy in cultural – historical context.

 

Philosophy began in the 6th Century B.C. in ancient Greece, when, instead of using mythological explanations, religious dogma, or social custom to answer life's questions, a small group of men began seeking a rational and predominantly naturalistic way of understanding the world. These first "scientists" were called the natural philosophers because they were primarily interested in the workings of the material world.

Philosophy is the form of human spiritual activity. It is based on special metaphysical type of thinking. The subject of philosophy is a sphere of spiritual human activity which involves reflection about aims, meaning, sense and essence of personality taken as subject of culture. The main peculiarity of this subject is study relationship between personality and society or objective reality.

The philosophy differs from mythology very much. Mythology involves the belief to the God, explanation of our reality’s by the God’s will. It involves the discovering whether moral values are eternal truth that exist in a spirit – like realm, or simply conventions. It tries to explain that moral principles have an objective foundation. Religion or mythology consist of notions of an all – powerful God is in control of everything. According to religion, God simply wills things, and they become reality. He wills the physical world into existence he wills humane life into existence and, similarly, he wills all moral values into existence. God informs humans of these command by implanting us with moral intuitions or revealing these commands in scripture.

Philosophy denies ideas of religion, and spiritual status of reality. The main function of philosophy is to preserve spiritual values and to form scientific worldview (philosophy). It teaches personality how to live by the rules of mind or intelligence, but not by heart or intuition. The subject discovers essence of human being (or life) and destination of the human. The fundamental question of philosophy is connected with two schools: idealism and materialism. Idealist philosophers claim that origins of our world is an idea (God, God’s mind, universal intelligence, universal reason or absolute spirit ). By the materialism - our reality is made of material staff or matter itself.

The fundamental question of the human is essence of his life. Philosophy learns humans to find themselves and interpret or find the sense of his own life. One of the destinations of philosophy is education. It tries to solve all human problem, and that why philosophy generalize or summarize all scientific achievements of different sciences and makes up common notion (representation) of the world.

Philosophy is humanitarian discipline, it learns students to develop their thinking and speech. We can also call this subject as art of thinking or art of true (correct) living.



Philosophy is a form of culture. As we know culture is spiritual and material values of the humanity, or kind of self – consciousness. So philosophy is self – consciousness of the human (personality) and humanity. In comparison with religion, philosophy uses scientifical methods of cognition. Among them: experiment, theory, analogy, analysis, synthesis.

 

OBLIGATORY READING MATERIALS: 1(p-25-45)

ADITIONAL READING MATERIALS: 11(p-34-55)

QUESTIONS:

1. Philosophy as a form of culture.

2. The content of materialistic and idealistic philosophical traditions.

 

 


Date: 2015-01-12; view: 1094


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