The Famous Lexical Pairs

English	French
ox	beef
sheep	mutton
calf	veal
deer	venison
pig, swine	pork
begin	commence
child	infant
freedom	liberty
doom	judgement
hearty	cordial
help	aid
hide	conceal
holy	saint
love	charity
meal	repast
stench	aroma
wedding	marriage
wish	desire

Table 8.

Assimilation of borrowings

Completely assimilated loans	Partially assimilated loans	Unassimilated loans (barbarisms)
Undergone all types of assimilation: semantic, grammatical, phonetic, graphical	Not assimilated semantically: sombrero, toreador, rouble	Italian: addio, ciao
Early Latin borrowings: cheese, street, wall, wine	Not assimilated grammatically: formula – formulae, phenomenon – phenomena	French: coup/coup d‟Etat
Scandinavian borrowings: husband, fellow, gate, root, wing, call, take, die, want, happy, ill, low, old, wrong	Not assimilated phonetically: bourgeois, prestige, memoir, incognito, macaroni, soprano, tobacco	Latin: ad libitum
French borrowings: table, face, chair, figure, finish, matter	Not assimilated graphically: ballet, buffet, corps, bouquet, brioche	German: kapellmeister
Latin borrowings: animal, article		Portugese: Auto-da-fe

Table 9.

Hybrids

Latin root + native suffix	piti-ful, grace-ful, beauti-ful, plenti- ful, false-hood, merci-ful, use-ful, rapid-ly
Latin root + native prefix	a-cross, after-piece, be-siege, un- deceive, under-estimate
Native root + Latin or French suffix	drink-able, starv-ation, word-age
Native root + Latin or French prefix	em-body, en-dear, en-snare, dis-band, dis- burden, per-haps, re-call

AFFIXATION

Prefixes

Prefixes of Germanic Origin Which Exist as Separate Words

Prefix	Productive (P) or non- productive (N/P)	Etymology	Form of the independent word	Examples
I	II
after-	P	OE	after	afternoon, afterthought
all-	P	OE	all	always, almost	alone, also
by-	P	OE	by	byroad, byway, bypath
fore-	N/P	OE	before	foresee, foretell	forehead
forth-	N/P	OE	forth	forthcoming
in-	N/P	OE	in	insight, inlet
mis-	P	OE	miss (n. and v. in the sense “failing to do smth”)	misbelieve, miscall	mistake
off-	N/P	OE	off	offspring
on-	N/P	OE	on	onset
out-	P	OE	out	outcast, outside
over-	P	OE	over	overlook, overall
under-	P	OE	under	undertake, undergrowth	understand

Examples in Column I include the prefixed words, while in the examples given in Column II the prefixes have fused with the stem of the word and no longer are felt as prefixes.

up-	P	OE	up	upstairs, uplift
with-	N/P	OE	with	withstand, withdraw

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 2258

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