Predicative complexes that function as objects only

They perform the function of an object only. They can be called Objective constructions. Their nominal part is a noun or a noun-pronoun(exept a personal one) in the common case, or personal pronoun in the objective case. Sometimes their nominal part is an infinitive or a gerund. Their second part, the predicate one, may be an infinitive, participle I, participle II, an adjective or a noun. Like other predicative complexes, all objective constr. can be transformed into classes. From the point of view of their transformation potencial they fall into two tapes:

1) Constructions the second part of which is a verbal. When these constructions are transforned into classes, they retain the predicate part, which then take a proper tense-aspect form ( I saw him walk up to the door- I saw that he walked up to the door)

2) Constr. second part of which is a non-verbal (adj. or noun).When these are tranformed into clauses, the link verb TO BE must always be supplied, as these constr. lack a verbal component of their own (I never thought her clever- I never thought that she was clever)

With this type of constr. the clauses resulting from the transformation always contain a compound nominal predicate.

As the second part of constr. of this type is semantically a predicative to the noun or pronoun constituing its first part, it is sometimes called an objective predicative

The following obj.constr. can be distinguished: the objective with the infinitive constr., the objective with Participle I constr., the obj. with Part. II, the obj. with the noun/adj. constr.

Obj. constr. with verbals

The obj. with the Inf. constr.

The Use of the Objective with the Inf. Constr. as a Direct Object

Verbs which may take the objective with the inf. constr. as a direct obj. are of two kinds:

1) Those that require the inf. with the particle TO

2) Those that require the bare inf.

Verbs of the first kind belong to the following semantic groups:

1. Verbs of wish and intention (to wish, to want, to desire, to choose, to prefer, should/would like, to intend, to mean). Owing to the meaning of these verbs, the infinitive in the construction can be only non-perfect (He would like you to see him in his office)

2. Verbs of attitude (to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot/could not bear). Those too can be followed only by non-perfect forms of the infinitive (I can't bear people to be unhappy or upset)

3. Verbs of mental activity (to think, to suppose, to consider, to believe, to know, to find, to expect, to imagine, to understand, to assume, to acknowledge, to feel, to trust, etc.). After these verbs the infinitive may be used in any form, depending on the time relation between the two actions, although non-perfect forms are much more frequent. The majority of the verbs are usually followed by constructions with the verb to be (He believed Jennie to be playing in the garden)Note. If the action of the infinitive refers to the person denoted by the subject, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is used (I know myself to be rather slow)

4.Verbs of declaring (to declare, to report, to pronounce). With these all forms of the infinitive are possible, although here, too, non-perfect forms are most frequent (Everybody pronounced him to be a complete failure)

5. Verbs of inducement (to order, to command, to ask, to allow, etc.). With these verbs the obj. with the infinitive construction can have only the passive infinitive (She would not allow the life of the child to be risked)

The verbs of the second group, that is, those that are followed by a bare infinitive, belong to one semantic group only, namely that of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to observe, to notice). Here only non-perfect active forms of the infinitive are used (We saw planes zoom into the air)

Note. After these verbs structures with the link verb TO BE are not used. Where the need arises, a subordinate clause is used (I saw that she was pretty)

The use of the Obj. with the Inf.Constr. as an Indirect Non-perfect Object

the objective with the infinitive construction may be used with a few verbs as their indirect non-recipient object. These verbs are to wait (for), to rely (on), to listen (to), to look (for), to count (upon). All of them except the verb to listen take the infinitive with the particle to. With the verb to listen a bare infinitive is used (Can I really count upon him to undertake the job?)

The Objective with Participle 1 ConstructionThe objective with participle I construction can be used with verbs of three semantic groups, although with two of them it occurs very seldom. In all cases only non-perfect forms of participle I can be used. These groups are as follows:

1.Verbs of sense perception (the most important group)- There we saw the crocodiles swimming about.

2.Verbs of wish.These verbs combine with the construction only occa-sionally (Nobody wanted him going there alone)

3. The causative verbs to have and to get (He got them running his errands every day)The Objective with Participle II Construction

The objective with participle II construction can be attached to verbs of four semantic groups:

1. Verbs of sense perception (I heard my name echoed in the distance)

2. A few verbs of mental activity (to think, to believe, to consider, to remember) -At first she thought Johnny killed

3. Verbs of wish (Nobody wanted it done in such a way)

4. The causative verbs TO HAVE and TO GET.With these verbs the con-struction means that the action of participle II is done for the benefit of the person expressed by the subject.

How do you think the men vould have their wounds dressed, get themselves washed, have their beds made if nobody worked on a Sun-day?

The objective with participle construction attached to the verbs of this group cannot be transformed into object clauses because these verbs do not allow of object that-clause.

OBJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-VERBALS

two types can be distinguished:

1) Objective constructions which can follow only some verbs of mental activity and sense perception.They correspond to object clauses and can always be transformed into such (I thought it a wonderful opportunity - I thought that it was a wonderful opportunity)

Within the object clause the first part of the construction becomes the subject, while the second becomes a predicative, the link verb to be being added

2) Objective constructions which follow certain causative verbs.Within these constructions the objective predicative denotes what the thing or person expressed in the first part is or becomes as a result of the action of the predicate verb. These constructions can be transformed into clauses although (as in the case of objective constructions with participle I and participle II attached to causal verbs), the resulting clauses are not object clauses because the verbs they follow cannot take object THAT-clause - All this made her angry (her angry - she became angry)

Several verbs, such as toconsider, to deem, to feel, to find, to regard, to suppose, to think may' take a complex object the nominal part of which is expressed by an infinitive or a gerund and is introduced, by means of the position filler it. The predicate part (the objective predicative) is an adjective or a noun, which comes immediately after it, that is, before the nominal part (He thought it useless going to Paris)

Such complex object can be transformed into an object clause with two subjects: the formal subj. IT and the notional expressed by an inf. or gerund (She found it impossible t sleep- She found that it was impossible to sleep)

26. The adverbial modifier.Ways of expressing.Semantic classes.Adverbials differ from the other types of secondary parts of the sentence in at least three respects:1) From the point of view of structure, the use of adv. may be optional (non-obligatory) or obligatory.OPTIONAL provide additional information; (Sometimes the children played by the lake).OBLIGATORY cannot omitted.a) with predicate complements:- after to behave, to act, to treat (He behaved bravely) - after durative verbs (to live,to wait,to last)- John lives in London - after verbs implying direction (to put, to send)- Put the book on the shelf- after verbs of motion and position in space (to come,to step,to sit).b) when its absence changes the meaning of the sentence ( I've never been there since my childhooh)2) non-detached and detached DETACHED can omitted. ( Like him, she saw the danger in it),( 'He was her father', said Frances, gravely).3), disjuncts and adjuncts .•Adjunct provides additional information ( Gwendolen did her work perfectly).•Disjunct is an adv. coming at the begining of the sentence and expressing the speaker's attitude .- adv-s expressing subjective or objective attitude of the speaker ( Broadely speaking...). - expressing the speaker's opinion regarding the validity of the content ( Undoubtedly...) - expressing the relation of the clause with smth outside it ( Medically... Naturally, he liked us very much= it seems natural to me). Note: disjunct naturally normaly begins the sentence, while the adjunct naturally ends it ( He did not speak naturally= he didn't speak in a natural way). Semantic classes: 1) of Place (where? where from?) - He lives far from his parents 2) of Time * (when?how long, often?) We went to the meeting yesterday. 3) of Manner (how?in what way?) that,like this; with,without,by,- Hooper danced badly,but energetically. 4) of Cause(Reason) (why?for what reason ?) therefore;,due to, on account of - Thanks to my parents I got a decent education 5) of Purpose ** (what for?for what purpose?):in order, so as,for - Jane has come to help us 6) of Result - too, enough, sufficiently, so...(as), too- It is too cold to go out. 7) of Condition (in what case?on what condition?) in this/that case, but for,except for,without;- Without faith there can be no cure. 8) of Concession - nevertheless,in spite of this/that, in spite of,despite of,for all, with all; - With all his faults, I like him. 9) of Attendant Circumstances and Subsequent Events - We walked three miles without meeting anyone. 10) of Comparison - than,as,as if ***,as though;:like - A mountain is higher than a hill. 11) Of Degree (how much?to what extend) - The story is extremely long. 12) of Exception -but,except ,but for,except for - These men were quite civi l save during certain weeks of autumn and winter.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1284