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Cases when the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed

- The Tenses don't change in I.S. when the speaker expresses general truth, permanent states/conditions. (He said that in winter water freezes)

- Verbs don't change when the speaker is reporting smth immediately after it was said (She said she will call me back)

- If the speaker expresses smth which is believed to be true tenses may be changed/unchanged. (He said that she liked strawberries). If smth untrue is expressed the tenses definitely change (He said,“Canada is a very poor country” He said Canada was a poor country).

- If the reported sentence contains a time clause tenses don't change

- If the reported sentence deals with unreal past conditionals of 1.2 types or wishes the tenses remain the same.

(If I were U I would apologize. → He said if he were me he would apologize.

If I hadn't come yesterday I wouldn't met you. → He said if he hadn't come yesterday he wouldn't met me.)

25)Tense & aspect of the verb: the simple (indefinite aspect)and the perfect aspect.

Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of the action. The category of tense in eng is made up by a set of forms opposed to each other in referring the events or states to the present, past or future. Aspect concerns the manner in which the action is performed. It can represent one and the same action in the form of process or it can present the result of action or habitual, customary manner of an action. The combination of aspect and tense helps us to express when we’ve done something and whether or not it is complete or continuing.

Tense and aspect are expressed in one and the same verbal form. The English verb has only two tenses proper — the present and the past, either simple (work(s), worked) or combined with the progressive (is/was working) or perfect (have/had worked) aspect. There are many ways of expressing future time in English. The most common is with the help of the modal auxiliaries will/ shall attached to a simple or complex (aspectual) form of the main verb.

The actions which coincide with the moment of speech belong to the sphere of Present Tenses. The actions which are prior to the moment of speech belong to the Past Tenses. The actions which follow the moment of speech—The Future Tenses.

Tenses in Eng can be of 2 types: contextually free / bound. PRIMARY TENSES (or contextually-free tenses) can express the temporal centre of the sentence by themselves. (E.g. I study at the university. I have finished my job). They are Present, Past, Future Simple, Present Continues (progressive) and Present Perfect. All the other tenses are called SECONDARY which means that in addition to the verbal tense they all need special adverbial modifiers of time which can be expressed by a single word of a clause of time.

The Indefinite or the Simple aspect. Some scholars say that the Indefinite aspect only indicates the time of an action. For this reason this aspect is called Indefinite & E-sh scholars call this group Simple Tenses which have the meaning of time but no aspect meaning. The Perfect aspect is used to show that the action is completed and its result is obvious by a certain moment in the present, past, or future.



The Present Indefinite Tense USAGE


Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1961


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I. Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used). | I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
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