The attribute, the Apposition, the object.

The Attribute is a secondary part of the sen-ce which modifies nouns, pronouns or any other part of speech that has a nominal character and gives them some kind of characteristic.

The Appositionis a peculiar kind of attribute expressed by a noun which explains and specifies the meaning of a noun by giving it another name.

= the close apposition is not separated by commas and stands in close connection with the word modified. It generally consists of the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship, or a geographical name and a common noun. Sometimes the apposition consists of the preposition of+noun: Aunt Ann was always ready to babysit for us. He lived in the city of London

= the loose or detached apposition is not as closely connected with the noun and is always separated by commas: I asked Miss Grey, a neighbour and an old friend of mine, to dinner.

The Object and Its Types

The objectis a secondary part of the sentence which modifies verbs, sometimes adjectives, words denoting state or nouns. It completes their meaning indicating the person, object or phenomenon which the action of the predicate verb affects.

Ways of Expression

= a noun in the common case: I miss the opera here.

= a pronoun (personal in the objective case, possessive, defining, reflexive, demonstrative, indefinite): We did not find anyone there.

Note 1. Sometimes the pronoun it is used as a real object: She pulled out a cigarette and let it dangle between her lips unlighted.

However, it may only introduce a real object expressed by an infinitive or a gerundial phrase or by a subordinate clause. This is a formal introductory object and it usually follows such verbs as to consider, to find, to make, to think, etc.: He made it a point to save so much every week.

= an adjective or a participle: June always championed the unfortunate.

= an infinitive, infinitive phrase or an infinitive construction: It pained him to think of it.

= a gerund, a gerundial phrase or a gerundial construction: I remember going to the British Museum one day.

= any part of speech used as a quotation: He said “hush” several times.

= a prepositional phrase with a noun or a gerund: Do you object to my leaving you now?

= a syntactically indivisible group: She asked for a pinch of salt.

Types of Objects

= the direct object immediately follows the predicate. It is non-prepositional and is used after transitive verbs denoting a person or a thing directly affected by the action of the verb. If a transitive verb takes only one object expressed by a noun or pronoun without a preposition, it is always a direct object: She was busy packing upstairs.

Note2. There are a few English verbs which can have two direct objects: I asked him his name. Forgive me this question. She taught them French.

= the indirect object is a non-prepositional object placed between the predicate verb and direct object indicating the person who is the receiver of the object. It is used with transitive verbs which take a direct object: They offered Ed a new job.

Note 3. There are three verbs which may take an indirect object without any direct object: to read, to sing, to write: She often reads to me. Won’t you sing to me? Write to me as soon as possible.

As a rule, the indirect object comes before the direct object. However, when the direct object precedes the indirect object the latter is used with the preposition to and sometimes for. We use this structure, for example when we want to give special emphasis to the indirect object: I’ll give it to Mary, not Peter.

Note4. After such verbs as to announce, to ascribe, to attribute, to communicate, to dedicate, to dictate, to disclose, to explain, to interpret, to introduce, to point out, to relate, to repeat, to submit, to suggest the indirect object is used with the preposition to even when it comes before the direct object: The professor explained to us some difficult rules in French.

= the prepositional object does not always express the addressee of the action and is used mainly with intransitive verbs, as well as adjectives, words denoting state and nouns of verbal origin: He was afraid of dogs. I am uneasy about it.

Note 5. The direct and the prepositional object may be simple and complex. The complex object consists of two components forming an indivisible sentence unit: I saw Ann turn pale. I want you to come here.

= the cognate object is a special kind of object in English which is used with intransitive verbs though having no preposition; it is expressed by a noun of the same root or similar to the verb in meaning and is regularly attended by an attribute (to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc.):They lived a simple life.

14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.

The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies verbs, adjectives and adverbs and specifies the circumstances of a happening.

Ways of Expression

= an adverb: He’ll be here tomorrow.

= a noun with or without accompanying words: He walked miles to find the doctor.

= a prepositional phrase: He came here by taxi.

= a noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction: When tired, he has his supper in his room.

= a participle or a participial phrase: Turning away, she caught sight of him.

=.a the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction: He burst in, the terror written on his face.

b the Nominative Absolute Construction: He stood, his eyes brightly proud.

c the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction: He looked at him, with his whole face breathing short and quick in every feature.

d the Prepositional Absolute Construction: He rushed forward, with fury in his eye.

= a prepositional phrase or construction with a gerund: He left without speaking.

= an infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction: I was too tired to go for a walk.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 2674