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Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.Shall 1. Offers, requests for instructions (?) Shall I make you a cup of tea? 2. Emotional promises, threats. (2, 3 person – old use) You shall answer for what you did. 3. Willingness, intention (1 person – BE, old use) I shan’t tell you anything. In modern English the modal meaning of obligation in shall is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense. Shall is still used to express obligation with the second and third persons, but at present it is not common in this meaning in spoken English. Its use, as a rule, is restricted to formal or even archaic style and is mainly found in subordinate clauses e.g. It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed. At present, this meaning of obligation is modified. It is found with the 2nd and 3rd persons in sentences expressing promise, threat or warning. It is used in affirmative and negative sentences and combined with the simple infinitive. e.g. He shall do as I say. The meaning of obligation may also be traced in interrogative sentences where shall is used with the 1st and 3rd persons to ask after the will of the person addressed. It’s also followed by the simple infinitive. e.g. Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Fleur? Sentences of this kind are usually rendered in Russian with the help of the infinitive: Ïðèíåñòè âàì åùå êîôå? Êîìó îòâå÷àòü ïî òåëåôîíó? etc. Will 1.Polite request. Will/Would you close the door, plz? 2.Command, order. Will you keep quiet! You will apologize to Aunt Mary! 3.Intention, willingness. I will have it my way, no matter what you say. 4.Refusal. I won’t talk to him. 5.Resistance, failure in functioning. The pen won’t write. 6.A person’s habit; natural behavior of things. When I was a kid, my Dad would tell me nice stories which he invented himself. 7.Disapproval of an annoying habit or behavior. Ben would talk shop anyplace. That’s him all over. ; I forgot to mail you letter. – You would! 8.Certainty, probability (referring to the Pres or Fututre) This will be Jerry’s house. Let’s ring the bell. Dare Dare can function as a modal verb, a defective verb and as a regular verb. As a defective verb it functions in 2 forms: Present and Past. Its use is very restricted. In present-day English it is mainly found in questions beginning with how, which are actually exclamations, and in negative sentences. e.g. How dareyou saythat! Dare as a regular verb has all the necessary forms. . Its use is also restricted. It is mainly found in negative sentences. e.g. He does not dare to comehere again. Note the colloquial set phrase / dare say. e.g. I daresay Ilooked a little confused. Need 1. Necessity (?, -) Need we stay here? You needn’t return this book now. (BE) 2. When a gerund after NEED expresses its passive meaning. Your hair needs cutting. 3. Need +Perf. Inf: unnecessary action which was performed (-)You needn’t have come so early. Need + Perf. Inf = wasn’t necessary, but was done Didn’t need to = wasn’t necessary, but UNKNOWN whether it was done or not. 11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate. A Sentence – is an autonomous snt unit of communication describing a situation & having its own purpose of utterance; it’s structurally complete and phonetically or graphically shaped. It is a complete unit of meaning which contains a subject and a verb, followed, if necessary, by other words which make up the meaning.
According to the purpose of utterance DECLARATIVE s-ce states a fact in the affirmative or negative form and is characterized by direct word order: (Adv. Mod.) + Subj + Pred + Obj + (Adv. Mod.) “The shops close at 7 tonight”. STATESMENT mainly functions as information-carrier, it may be used with the force of questions, commands and exclamations, as in: “I wonder why he is so late”. INTERROGATIVE asks a question and is characterized by indirect word order. Its communicative function consists in asking for information. 1. In general(yes/no) questions the speaker is interested to know whether some event or phenomenon asked about exists or does not exist; accordingly the answer may be positive or negative. A general question opens with a verb operator, that is, an auxiliary, modal, or link verb followed by the subject. “Do the shops close at 7 tonight?” 2. Special questions open with a question word (what, which, who, whom, whose, where, why, how and the archaic whence (=where, where to), wherefore (=what for, why), the function of which is to get more detailed and exact information about some event or phenomenon known to the speaker and listener. “Where do you live?” “Whose pen is on the table?” A question word may be preceded by a preposition and in colloquial English it is preferable to shift the preposition to the end of the question: “What are you laughing at?” “What are you talking about?” Note1. When the interrogative word is the subject of the special question or an attribute to the subject, the word order is direct. 3. An alternative question implies a choice between two or more alternative answers. Like a “yes/no” question, it opens with a verb operator, but the suggestion of choice expressed by the disjunctive conjunction or makes the “yes/no” answer impossible.“Would you prefer tea or coffee?” 4. A disjunctive (tail/tag) question is a short “yes/no” question added to a statement. It requires the answer yes or no and consists of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. It corresponds to such Russian questions as Íå òàê ëè? Íå ïðàâäà ëè? You knew that before, didn’t you? – Yes, I did. You didn’t know that before, did you? – No, I didn’t. IMPERATIVE expresses a command which conveys the desire of the speaker to make someone, generally the listener, perform an action. Besides commands proper, imperative sentences may express prohibition, a request, an invitation, a warning, persuasion, etc, depending on the situation, context, wording or intonation: “Shut the door.” “Don’t shut the door.” COMMANDS are formally marked by the predicate verb in the imperative mood (positive or negative), the reference to the second person, lack of subject, and the use of the auxiliary do in negative or emphatic sentences with the verb to be. A negative command usually expresses prohibition, warning or persuasion: “Don’t cross the street before the light turns to green.” Commands can be softened and made into requests with the help of the word please or a tag question: “Speak louder, please.” “Repeat the last word, will you?” EXCLAMATORY s-ce expresses feelings and emotions and often begins with the words what (refers to a noun) or how (refers to an adjective or an adverb). It always has direct word order. “What a slow train it is!” ACC/ to the STRUCTURE a the 2-member s-cehas 2 members, a subject and a predicate (a complete sentence): “He could not help smiling”. If one or both of them are missing, they can be easily understood from the context (an incomplete/elliptical sentence): “Keep clear of the road”. (imperatives). “What about a cup of tea?” (questions expressing suggestion). the 1-member s-ce has only one principle part (expressed by either a noun, or an infinitive) which is neither the subject, nor the predicate and it makes the sentence complete: 1. nominal one-member sentences: Dusk – of a summer night. 2. verbal one-member sentences: No! To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price. the unextended s-ce consists only of principal parts of the sentence. Both two-member and one-member sentences may be unextended: She is a student. Birds fly. Winter! the extended s-ce consists of the subj, the pred and 1 or more secondary parts of the sentence (objects, attributes, adverbial modifier): Birds come back from warm countries.
The Subject is the principal part of the sentence, a word or a group of words, which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part, the predicate, is grammatically dependent, in most cases it agrees in number and person. It denotes a person, an object or a phenomenon. Ways of Expression:
The Predicate
The Predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person, object or phenomenon denoted by the subject upon which it is grammatically dependent. Types of Predicates:
From the structural point of view there are two main types of predicate: the simple predicate and the compound predicate. Both these types may be either nominal or verbal, which gives four sub-groups: simple verbal, simple nominal, compound verbal, compound nominal.
The simple predicate the simple verbal predicate is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or compound tense form: His words frightened me. the simple nominal predicate is expressed by a noun, an adjective or a verbal. In the meaning of the simple nominal predicate there is an implied negation. Sentences with the simple nominal predicate are always exclamatory. These predicates are used in colloquial English, although not frequently. He a gentleman! She spying! The compound predicate the compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of the person, object or phenomenon expressed by the subject; or a class of persons, objects and phenomena to which this person, object or phenomenon belongs. It consists of a link verb and a predicative (the nominal part). “The leaves are turning yellow.” “He is a mining engineer.” the compound verbal predicate can be of two types: a) the compound verbal modal predicate shows whether the action expressed by a non-finite form of the verb is considered as possible, impossible, obligatory, desirable, etc. You shouldn’t have gone to the concert. I have to work for my living. I tried to open a bottle but I didn’t manage. b) the compound verbal aspect predicate expresses the beginning, repetition, duration or cessation of the action (non-finite form of the verb). It consists of such verbs as to begin, to commence, to finish, to give up, to go on, to keep on, to proceed and an infinitive or a gerund; also would and used to+infinitive, which denote a repeated action in the past. I kept looking for the keys. The mixed predicate the compound modal nominal predicate: I don’t mean to be unkind. She couldn’t be happy. the compound aspect nominal predicate: I continued to be glad for that. He was beginning to look desperate. the compound modal aspect predicate: He ought to stop doing nothing. He can’t continue training.
11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
A Sentence – is an autonomous snt unit of communication describing a situation & having its own purpose of utterance; it’s structurally complete and phonetically or graphically shaped. It is a complete unit of meaning which contains a subject and a verb, followed, if necessary, by other words which make up the meaning.
According to the purpose of utterance DECLARATIVE s-ce (characterized by direct word order: (Adv. Mod.) + Subj + Pred + Obj + (Adv. Mod.) “The shops close at 7 tonight”. STATESMENT mainly functions as information-carrier, it may be used with the force of questions, commands and exclamations, as in: “I wonder why he is so late”. INTERROGATIVE 1. In general(yes/no) questions “Do the shops close at 7 tonight?” 2. Special questions open with a question word (what, which, who, whom, whose, where, why, how). “Where do you live?” “Whose pen is on the table?” 3. An alternative question implies a choice between two or more alternative answers.“Would you prefer tea or coffee?” 4. A disjunctive (tail/tag) question is a short “yes/no” question added to a statement. It requires the answer yes or no and consists of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. It corresponds to such Russian questions as Íå òàê ëè? Íå ïðàâäà ëè? You knew that before, didn’t you? – Yes, I did. You didn’t know that before, did you? – No, I didn’t. Besides COMMANDS proper, IMPERATIVE sentences may express prohibition, a request, an invitation, a warning, persuasion, etc, depending on the situation, context, wording or intonation: “Shut the door.” “Don’t shut the door.” A negative command usually expresses prohibition, warning or persuasion: “Don’t cross the street before the light turns to green.” Commands can be softened and made into requests with the help of the word please or a tag question: “Speak louder, please.” “Repeat the last word, will you?” EXCLAMATORY s-ce often begins with the words what (refers to a noun) or how (refers to an adjective or an adverb). It always has direct word order. “What a slow train it is!” ACC/ to the STRUCTURE a the 2-member s-cehas 2 members, a subject and a predicate (a complete sentence): “He could not help smiling”. If one or both of them are missing, they can be easily understood from the context (an incomplete/elliptical sentence): “Keep clear of the road”. (imperatives). “What about a cup of tea?” (questions expressing suggestion). the 1-member s-ce has only one principle part (expressed by either a noun, or an infinitive) which is neither the subject, nor the predicate and it makes the sentence complete: 1. nominal one-member sentences: Dusk – of a summer night. 2. verbal one-member sentences: No! To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price. the unextended s-ce consists only of principal parts of the sentence. Both two-member and one-member sentences may be unextended: She is a student. Birds fly. Winter! the extended s-ce consists of the subj, the pred and 1 or more secondary parts of the sentence (objects, attributes, adverbial modifier): Birds come back from warm countries.
The Subject is the principal part of the sentence, a word or a group of words, which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part, the predicate, is grammatically dependent, in most cases it agrees in number and person. It denotes a person, an object or a phenomenon.
Ways of Expression:
The Predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person, object or phenomenon denoted by the subject upon which it is grammatically dependent. Types of Predicates:
From the structural point of view there are two main types of predicate: the simple predicate and the compound predicate. Both these types may be either nominal or verbal, which gives four sub-groups: simple verbal, simple nominal, compound verbal, compound nominal.
The simple predicate the simple verbal predicate is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or compound tense form: His words frightened me. the simple nominal predicate is expressed by a noun, an adjective or a verbal. In the meaning of the simple nominal predicate there is an implied negation. Sentences with the simple nominal predicate are always exclamatory. These predicates are used in colloquial English, although not frequently. He a gentleman! She spying! The compound predicate the compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of the person, object or phenomenon expressed by the subject; or a class of persons, objects and phenomena to which this person, object or phenomenon belongs. It consists of a link verb and a predicative (the nominal part). “The leaves are turning yellow.” “He is a mining engineer.” the compound verbal predicate can be of two types: a) the compound verbal modal predicate shows whether the action expressed by a non-finite form of the verb is considered as possible, impossible, obligatory, desirable, etc. You shouldn’t have gone to the concert. I have to work for my living. I tried to open a bottle but I didn’t manage. b) the compound verbal aspect predicate expresses the beginning, repetition, duration or cessation of the action (non-finite form of the verb). It consists of such verbs as to begin, to commence, to finish, to give up, to go on, to keep on, to proceed and an infinitive or a gerund; also would and used to+infinitive, which denote a repeated action in the past. I kept looking for the keys. The mixed predicate the compound modal nominal predicate: I don’t mean to be unkind. She couldn’t be happy. the compound aspect nominal predicate: I continued to be glad for that. He was beginning to look desperate. the compound modal aspect predicate: He ought to stop doing nothing. He can’t continue training.
Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1997
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The Simple Sentence