The semi-compound sentence.

The semi-compound sentence is semi-composite sentence built up on principle of coordination. from formal point of view, sentence possessing coordinated notional parts of immediately sentential reference is to be treated as semi-compound. But different structural types of syntactic coordination even of direct sentential reference display very different implications as regards semi-compounding composition of sentences. Substantially involved in expression of semi-compounding is combination of two subjects relating to one predicate when subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that first starts utterance, while second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction. However, if we turn our attention to genuine coordinations of predicates, both verbal and nominal, we shall immediately be convinced of each element of group presenting its own predicative centre relating to on sbject axis of sentence, thereby forming strictly compounding fusion of predicative lines expressed. This fact is so trivially clear that it does not seem to require special demonstration.

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The adverbs.

The adverb is one of the parts of speech established in antiquity. In the grammar of English and other Indo-European languages, the adverb is a word denoting a non-substantive property, a feature which sets the adverb apart from the adjective which, as already known, denotes a substantive property, e.g. He wrote it badly, where badly denotes a property of the process expressed by wrote.

As to their structure, adverbs may be non-derived, or simple (e.g. here, there, now, then, so, quick, why, how, where, when, very, rather) and derived (e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards, away, ahead, apart, across). We can also distinguish composite forms and phrasal forms of the adverb: sometimes, nowhere, anyhow; at least, at most, at last, to and fro, upside down.

A prolific source of adverbs is the adjective: many -ly adverbs are transformationally related to respective adjectives.

Consider:

He liked Mary considerably.

He liked Mary to a considerable extent.

The suffix -ly is a typical marker of the adverb. However, many adverbs related to adjectives may not be necessarily used with the suffix -ly, e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close, loud, tight, firm, quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.

Special mention should be made of preposition-adverb like elements which form a semantic blend with verbs: to give up, to give out, to give away, to give over, etc; to set up, to set in, to set forth, to set down, etc.; to get on, to get off, to get through, to get about1, etc.

The verb-adverb combination goes by several names: two-part verbs, composite verbs, phrasal verbs. The verbs in such combinations are mostly one-syllable words; the most common adverbs are those denoting place, e.g. in, out, on, off, over, up, down, through, etc.

Semantic classification of adverbs.

We can distinguish two large groups of adverbs:

Non-spatial and

Spatial.

To non-spatial adverbs belong:

1) viewpoint adverbs (e.g. Looked at politically, it was not an easy problem);

2) focusing adverbs (e.g. He is doing it purely and simply for your benefit);

3) intensifying adverbs (e.g. It's simply a question of hard work);

4) process adverbs (e.g. They treated him badly);

5) subjective adverbs (e.g. Bitterly, he buried his children);

6) adverbs of cause and consequence (e.g. We have a growing population and therefore we need more food).

To spatial adverbs belong:

1)place adverbs (e.g. They are not there; He threw his manuscript aside);

2) time adverbs (e.g. He arrived last night; He washes his car every Sunday).

Similar to adjectives, adverbs can be gradable and non-gradable. Gradable adverbs are adverbs which are capable of expressing the intensivity of the process, e.g. loudly - more loudly -the most loudly. The number of non-gradables is much greater among adverbs than among adjectives.

The adv. is a PS characterized by the following features:

1) the lex.-gram. mean. of “qualitative, quantative or circumstantial characteristics of actions, states or qualities:

2) the category of the degree of comparison

3) typical stem-build. affixes, as in quick-ly, side-ways, clock-wise, a-shore…

4) its unilateral (односторон.) combinability with verbs, adj., adv-s, less regularly with adlinks (asleep,alive) and nouns.

The function of adverbial complement (дополнение), sometimes other functions

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 979