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IV. DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN

You should learn Latin nouns in their “Dictionary Form”. The dictionary form of a noun consists of three components:

The full form of Nominative singular;

The Genitive singular ending;

The designation of gender (with the letters m, f, n).

E.g.: ala, ae f -wing;

sternum, i n -breast bone;

ductus, us m -duct.

 

V. DECLENSION

There are five declensions in Latin; that is, five categories of nouns, each with its own endings. The declension is determined by the Genitive singular endings.

First declension

The nouns of feminine which end in -a are ascribed to the first declension. The Genitive form of the first declension nouns ends in –ae.

E.g.: costa, ae f -rib

vertěbra, ae f -vertebra

Second declension

To the second declension are referred masculines which end in –us and –er, and neuters which end in –um, -on. The Genitive form of the second declension nouns ends in –i.

E.g.: nasus, i m -nose;

collum, i n -neck;

olecrănon, i n -tip of the elbow;

cancer, cri m -cancer.

Attention!!! – In the anatomical terminology there are no nouns which end in –er. The ending –on have the following anatomical terms:

· acromĭon, i n – acromial process

· colon, i n – large intestine

· encephălon, i n – brain

· ganglĭon, i n – ganglion

· olecrănon, i n -tip of the elbow

Third declension

The third declension includes nouns of all the three genders which have different endingsin Nominative singular and –is in Genitive singular.

E.g.: canālis, is m -canal;

regĭo, ōnis f -region;

os, ossis n -bone.

Fourth declension

The fourth declension includes masculines which end in –us, and the neuters which end with –u. The Genitive singular form of these nouns ends in –us.

E.g.: arcus, us m -arch;

cornu, us n –horn.

Attention!!! - In the anatomical terminology there are only two neuters of the 4th declension which end in –u: cornu, us n (horn), genu, us n (knee).

Attention!!! -In the anatomical terminology there is only a limited number of masculines of the fourth declension. You should remember some of them as follows:

 

· aqu(a)eductus, us m aqueduct
· arcus, us m arch
· ductus, us m duct
· meātus, us m tract, passage
· processus, us m process
· sinus, us m sinus; hollow
· textus, us m tissue

Fifth declension

The fifth declension includes nouns of feminine which end in –es in Nominative singular and in -ei in Genitive singular.

E.g.: facĭes, ēi f –surface, face(this is the only noun of the fifth declension you meet in the exercises).

Remember the endings of Nominative and Genitive singular of all declensions:

Declension I II III IV V
Gender f m n m f n m n f
Nominative singular endings a us er um on different us u es
Genitive singular endings ae i is us ēi

 



 

VI. STEM OF NOUNS

 

To make a Genitive form from the Nominative form you should determine the stem of the noun. To determine the stem you should detach the ending from the noun:

E.g.:

Dictionary form Genitive Stem
crista, ae f crist - ae crist -
collum, i n coll – i coll -
facĭes, ēi f faci – ēi faci -
pars, partis f part – is part -
vomer, ěris m voměr - is voměr -
caput, ĭtis n capĭt - is capĭt -

 

VII. Exercises

 

1. Make up the dictionary form of nouns:

arcus (arch), bulbus (bulb; any rounded mass), concha (concha), incisūra (slit or notch), sulcus (furrow or groove), cornu (horn), nasus (nose), amnion (amnion), tubercŭlum (tubercle; small rounded swelling), scapŭla (shoulder blade), adĭtus (enter), septum (dividing wall), ganglion (nerve node), collum (neck), porus (opening, pore), fossa (shallow depression or cavity), encephălon (brain), colon (part of large intestine), olecrănon (elbow appendix), muscŭlus (muscle), ramus (branch), genu (knee), nodus (node), pleura (membrane lining chest and covering lungs), lingua (tongue; language), sinus (cavity, sinus), orgănon (organ).

 

2. Determine the declension of the nouns:

facies, ēi f (surface); pars, partis f (part); ala, ae f (wing); magister, tri m (teacher); nervus, i m (nerve); ramus, i m (branch); sphincter, ēris m (sphincter); colon, i n (part of large intestine); plexus, us m (network, chiefly of veins or nerves); forāmen, ĭnis n (opening); ligamentum, i n (ligament); dens, dentis m (tooth); tuber, ěris n (thickend portion of underground stem; rounded swelling); tempus, ŏris n (temple, time); genu, us n (knee); articulatio, ōnis f (joint); cartilāgo, ĭnis f (cartilage); meniscus, i m (meniscus); diaphragma, ătis n (septum between thorax and abdomen, diaphragm); canālis, is m (canal); cervix, īcis f (neck).

 

3. Pay attention to the word order:

spina scapŭlae (spine of shoulder bone); raphe palāti (suture of palate); skelěton membri (skeleton of a limb); ossa cranii (bones of skull); fossa glandŭlae (cavity of gland); vena portae (portal vein); septum nasi (dividing wall of nose); crista tubercŭli (crest of tubercle); processus radii (appendix of radial bone); caput fibŭlae (head of fibular bone); corpus tibiae (body of shin bone); facies acromii (surface of acromion); linea nuchae (line of neck nape); sulcus sinus (furrow of sinus); basis cranii (base of skull); angŭlus mandibŭlae (angle of lower jaw).

 

4. Determine the gender of the nouns:

septum (dividing wall); substantia (substance, material); encephălon (brain); ocŭlus, i (eye); nasus, i (nose); scapŭla (shoulder blade); arcus, us (arch); acromion (acromion); lingua (tongue, language); mandibŭla (lower jaw); processus, us (appendix); cranium (skull); dorsum (back); incisūra (slit or notch); clavicŭla (collar-bone); skelĕton (skeleton); cornu (horn); meātus, us (passage); palātum (palate); huměrus, i (humeral bone); lympha (lymph); cerebrum (brain); concha (concha); maxilla (upper jaw); ductus, us (duct); olecrănon (elbow appendix); tubercŭlum (tubercle); lamĭna (plate); ramus, i (branch); ganglion (nerve node); vertebra (vertebra; each segment of vertebral column); sinus, us (sinus).

 

5. Pay attention to the word order:

collum costae (scapŭlae) (neck of rib (shoulder blade)); corpus fibŭlae (huměri, maxillae, tibiae) (head of fibular bone (humeral bone, upper jaw, shin bone)); incisūra mandibŭlae (scapŭlae) (notch of lower jaw (shoulder blade)); radix dentis (linguae) (root of tooth (tongue)); angŭlus costae (mandibŭlae) (angle of rib (lower jaw)).

 

6. Translate terms into Latin:

muscle of neck; capsule of nerve node; back of saddle; tuber of upper jaw; body of vertebra, head of rib; arch of aorta; notch of lower jaw; base of skull; cavity of nose; passage of nose; neck of shoulder blade; sheath of process; aperture of cohlear canaliculus; crest of the costal head; canaliculus (small canal) of chorda tympani; ligament of the costal tubercle; plate of arch (of vertebra); wing of cock’s crest; aperture of aqueduct of vestibule; vestibule of nose; dividing wall of nose; base of cochlea; small pit of process; small foot of arch of vertebra; surface of the costal tubercle.

 

VIII. VOCABULARY

 

2nd declension
1. acromĭon, i n shoulder appendix
2. antrum, i n 3. gallus, i m cavity cock
4. ganglĭon, i n nervous node
5. ligamentum, i n ligament
6. lobus, i m lobe
7. nodus, i m node
8. ramus, i m branch
9. skelěton, i n skeleton
10. truncus, i m trunk
11. tympănum, i n tympanum
12. vestibŭlum, i n vestibule  
3rd declension
13. basis, is f base
14. canālis, is m canal
15. caput, ĭtis n head
16. corpus, ŏris n body
17. forāmen, ĭnis n opening
18. os, ossis n bone
19. pars, partis f part
20. tuber, ěris n large rounded swelling
4th declension
21. arcus, us m arch
22. aquaeductus, us m water duct
23. cornu, us n horn; horn-shaped process
24. ductus, us m duct
25. meātus, us m passage, tract
26. plexus, us m network; chiefly of veins and nerves
27. processus, us m process; appendix
28. sinus, us m hollow or cavity
5th declension
29. facĭes, ēi f face, surface

Lesson 4


Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1440


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