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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

form have + been + verb + -ing form

+ 1/You have been singing . He/She/It has been singing.

We/You/They have been singing .

- 1/You have not been singing . He/She/It has not been singing .

We/You/They have not been singing.

? Have 1/you been singing? Has he/she/it been singing?

Have we/you/they been singing?

use	example
for temporary or incomplete actions in the past	She has been playingmusic since lunchtime . We have been walkingfor two hours.

form had + past participle

PAST PERFECT

+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had learnt to swim on holiday.

1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not learnt to swim on holiday.

? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they learnt to swim on holiday?

use	example
for a past event which happened before another past event to emphasise the order in which events occurred	They arrived at the cinema late and found that the film hadalready begun. We didn't eat dinner until we had cleaned the house.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

form had + been + verb + -ing form

+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had been working.

- 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not been working.

? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they been working?

use	example
for an action which began in the past and was still happening when another action started in the past	She had been learningEnglish for a year before she understood a word .

form used to + verb

USED TO

+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They used to play the piano.

- 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They didn't use to play the piano.

? Did 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they use to play the piano?

use	example
for states and repeated actions in the past which do not exist now	We used tolive in France.

form would + verb

WOULD

use	example
for repeated actions in the past which do not happen now	The ancient Egyptians would tellthe time by the sun . Before he started his new job , he would watchtelevision all evening .

form will+ infinitivewithout to

FUTURE SIMPLE

+ 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will wait.

- 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will not wait.

? Willl/you/he/she/it/we/you/they wait?

use	example
for decisions made at the time of speaking for predictions (often used with I believe I hope I think) for future facts for plans and arrangements	I'll answer the phone. I think it will bea cold winter this year. Our school holidays will startin July. We'll meetyou outside the cinema at 7:30.

Note:

Shallis often used instead of will ,especially in the interrogative , e.g. Shall/ wait here?

GOING TO

form be +going to + infinitivewithout to

+ I am going to fall. You are going to fall . He/She/It is going to fall.

We/You/They are going to fall.

- I am not going to fall. You are not going to fall.

He/She/It is not going to fall. We/You/They are not going to fall.

? Am I going to fall? Are you going to fall? Is he/she/it going to fall?

Are we/you/they going to fall?

use example

for intentions and plans made before the moment of speaking for predictions based on clear evidence I'm going to studyEnglish next year. That baby is going to fall!

MODAL VERBS

form modal + infinitivewithout to

Note:Modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, would, ought to, must, have to.

use example

to talk about possibility to talk about probability It maybe cold in Scotland,so pack ajumper. It couldrain today. The plane shouldarrive about now.

use example

to talk about near certainty to talk about negative certainty to talk about certainty to talk about obligation I necessity to talk about lack of obligation I necessity to give advice to talk about permission to talk about ability I inability to talk about prohibition She's won the lottery -she mustbe excited! This can'tbe the right road. My birthday willbe on a Tuesday this year. He has todo his homework this evening . I have towrite to my parents this week. ·You ought to I should I musttake some exercise . You don't haveto do the washing up. We don't haveto pay to get into the museum. You shouldn'tstay up so late every night. You ought tosave a bit more money. Yes , you cango to town this afternoon . You mayborrow my bike. He can'tdo maths. I couldbake a cake if I had the time . You mustn'twalk on the grass in the park.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

form conditional clause: if+ present simple

main dause: will+ infinitivewithout to

use example

for future events which are likely to happen Ifyou hurry,you willcatch your plane.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

form conditional clause: if+ past simple

main clause: would+ infinitivewithout to

use example

for less likely or hypothetical events in the future to give advice If I gave upwork , I would travelround the world. Ifyou workedharder, you would pass your exam.

Notes:

• We use even iffor emphasis , e.g. Even If he had a part-time job , he would work just as hard.

• After if,we sometimes use wereinstead of was ,especially in a formal style , e.g. If I

were a millionaire, I'd buy an island.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

form conditional clause: if+ present simple

main clause: infinitivewithout to I imperative

use	example
for general rules or truths to show cause and effect for commands	Ifthere isno rain, many plants die. Ifyou eatfruit and vegetables , you feel healthy. If it startsto rain, go inside.

Note:

When can also be used in these conditionals, e.g. When the lesson begins, please be quiet.

form be + past participle

THE PASSIVE

The passive is formed by making the object of the active clause into the subject of the new clause.

tense

example

Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Modal Verbs

They make this cheese in France. - This cheese is madein France. They invented bungee jumping in New Zealand. - Bungee jumping was inventedin New Zealand. They are decorating their house this week. - Their house is being decoratedthis week. She was feeding my cat at the weekend . - My cat was being fedat the weekend. They closed the disco for a month. - The disco was closedfor a month. He had caught the fish. - The fish had beencaught. Two people can move the piano. -The piano can be movedby two people.

use	example
when the person or thing doing the action is obvious or unimportant when the person or thing doing the action is not known to describe how something is made or how it works	The house was builtin a month. Stonehenge was constructedin about 3000 BC. Glass is madefrom sand, soda and limestone .

Note:

We use by + person I thingwhen we want to emphasise who or what did something, e.g.

Hadrian 's Wall was built by the Romansin the first century AD.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

PRONOUN	use	example
who whose which where when why	for people possessive of whofor things for places for time for reasons	People wholive in glass houses shouldn 't throw stones. Whosebicycle is this? The book whichmy brother gave me was really exciting. I saw the house wheremy mother was born. That was a time whenhe travelled a lot. I don't know whyshe is so annoyed.

Notes:

• Sometimes we can use thatinstead of which ,e.g. The book that my brother gave me is really exciting.

• Commas are used in non-defining relative clauses which give extra or unessential information , e.g. The book, which my brother gave me for my birthday, is really exciting.

• No commas are used in defining relative clauses which give essential information , e.g.

This is the book that I which my brother gave me.

REPORTED SPEECH: TENSES

form We usually change the tenses and some other words when we report what someone said.

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

present simple- 'My sister is a ballet dancer .' present continuous- 'I'm writingto my boyfriend.' past simple- 'We wentfor a walk.' pastcontinuous- 'I was walkingin the forest all day.' present perfect simple- 'I have cookedthe dinner.' present perfect continuous- 'I've been learningEnglish for a year.'

past simple She said (that) her sister wasa ballet dancer. past continuous She said (that) she was writingto her boyfriend. past perfect simple They said (that) they had gonefor a walk. past perfect continuous He said (that) he had been walkingin the forest all day. past perfect simple She said (that) she had cookedthe dinner. past perfect continuous He said (that) he had been learningEnglish for a year.

Notes:

• I sometimes changes to he or she.

• Mysometimes changes to her or his. Ourchanges to their.

• The adjectives this, that, theseand thoseusually change to the .

e.g. '/like these grapes .' - He/She said he/she liked the grapes.

• The pronouns thisand thatusually change to it.

e.g. '/want to paint this blue. ' - 'He/She said he/she wanted to paint it blue.

• The pronouns theseand thoseusually change to them.

REPORTED SPEECH: MODAL VERBS

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
'I'll help you tidy your room.' 'I canrun very fast.' 'I maygo out this evening.' 'I'll offer to help my grandmother tomorrow.' 'You musttidy your room.'	He said (that) he wouldhelp her tidy her room. She said (that) she couldrun very fast. She said that she mightgo out that evening. He said that he wouldoffer to help his grandmother the following day. She told him that he musttidy his room.

REPORTED SPEECH: ADVERBS OF TIME AND PLACE

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
here now tomorrow last (night) today ago yesterday next (week) next (Wednesday) this (morning)	there then I at that moment the next day I the following day the (night) before I the previous (night) that day before I previously the day before I the previous day the following (week) I the (week) after (that) the following (Wednesday) that (morning)

REPORTED QUESTIONS

form Reported questions have the same word order as statements.

Reporting verbs (e.g. asked) are used.

For yes I no questions, the reported questions begin with if I whether.

For wh-questions , the question words (who, which, when, where, why, whom, whose, how) are repeated in the reported question.

DIRECT QUESTION	REPORTED QUESTION
Do you wantto go swimming? How did youmake the cake?	He asked her if she wantedto go swimming. I asked him how he had madethe cake.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

form Indirect questions do not have the question word order and the auxiliary do

is not used. There is no tense change in indirect questions. use To make questions sound more polite and formal.

Note:Indirect questions begin with expressions like:

Could you tell me... ? Would you mind telling me... ? Do you know... ?

DIRECT QUESTION	INDIRECT QUESTION
Whydid you go to town? Howdo you turn the computer on? Whattime are you leaving?	Would you mind telling me whyyou went to town? Could I ask howyou turn the computer on? Could you tell me whattime you are leaving?

TIME CLAUSES

time expression

example

until/ by the time = up to the time when by = not later than when = at the time as soon as= immediately after before = earlier than after = later than once= after while I as in case= because (condition)

You must stay until the President gets here. By the time he arrives , the boat will have left. Let me know by Sunday if you can come . My voice hurts when I speak . As soon as dinner is cooked , we will eat! I must get to the bank before it closes . I will ring you after Mark has left. Once Ihave decided where to go, I will book my holiday. He rang while I was watching television. I saw him as I left the office. I will take my umbrella in case it rains.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GERUND (-ing form used as a noun)	INFINITIVE with to	INFINITIVE without to
Swimming is good for you. I enjoy swimming. Common verbs and phrases followed by a gerund -ing form: admit, avoid, deny, can't help, do you mind?, consider, dislike, enjoy, fee/like, finish, give up, imagine, mention, practise, risk, suggest	I want to watch TV this evening . Common verbs and phrases followed by an infinitive with to: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, can 't stand, care, choose, consent, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, ought, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise , refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, try*, want, wish	I would rather play tennis . Common verbs and phrases followed by an infinitive without to: can, could, may, might, must, shall, will, would rather

Note: The verbs marked * can be followed by either an infinitive without to or a gerund -ing form, but there may be a change in meaning.

QUESTION TAGS

Question tags often follow sentences in speech and informal writing . We use them when we want to check if something is true .

use	example
This is a regular statement but if we are not sure, we can check by adding a question tag .	We are playing tennis this afternoon , aren't we?

The meaning of a question tag is: 'Is it true?' 'Do you agree?'

form	example
We make the question tag in the same way we make an ordinary question. It consists of an auxiliary+ a pronoun.But when the main sentence is positive, the question tag is negative . When the main sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.	She is very nice, isn't she? You don't know the answer, do you?

use	example
If there is only the verb be in the main sentence , we repeat it in the question tag .	It is a nice day, isn't it? Mrs Green wasn't at home, was she?

But:I'm vel}' late, aren't I?

The question tag for I'm is aren't I?

use	example
If there is a modal auxiliary verb (can, could, must, should, will, would, etc.) in the main sentence, we repeat it in the question tag . If there is an auxiliary verb (be, have, do) in the main sentence , we repeat it in the question tag. If there is no auxiliary verb in the main sentence , we use doin the question tag.	You can't understand me, can you?They should be here, shouldn't they?Peter could help us, couldn't he? You won't tell anyone, will you? She is doing well, isn't she? It was raining, wasn't it? You haven't seen Jack , have you?Your mum doesn't speak German, does she? She didn't lose the tickets, did she? You play the piano, don't you? Tim gave you this book, didn't he?

VOCABULARY

AIDS[etdz) CHIA

absorb[ab's:>:b) s6 pan1, BCMoKTysaT abuse[a'bju:z) o6pa>KaT ; 3nos>K BaT access['c.ekses)1. n. ,qocTyn; 2. v. MaT

,(IOCTyn, o,qep>KaT ,(IOCTyn

acquire[a'kwata] Ha6ysaT , 3,qo6ysaT ; o,qep>KyBaT

adherence[ad'htarans] np x nbHiCTb;

cysope ,qo,qep>KaHHfl

adolescent[.c.eda'lesnt)IOHaK; ,qiB4 Ha; ni,qniTOK

advance[ad'va:ns] npocyeaHHH; ycnix;

nporpec

affect[a'fekt) snn ean1; xs niOBaT .

3BopywysaT

affectionate[a'fekSamt) n106nHY i1.

Hi>KH ii; np cTpacH ii

allege[a'led3] Tsep,q T ; noc naT Cfl (Ha

U(OCb)

ambitious[c.em'btSas) YeCTOni06H i1; 1110 nparHe (liOZOCb, 00 l/OZOCb)

angle['c.eogl) KYT

appealing[a'pi:ho)6naranbH i1;

3Bopywn s i1;np sa6n s i1 appreciate[a'pri:Siett) Ol..liHIOBaT ; l..liHysaT argue['a:gju:) cnepeYaT cH;

apryMeHTysaT ; nepeKoHysaT

arrangement (of)[a'remd3mant]

BnOpfiAKYB8HHfl; p03TawysaHHfl;

AOMOBneHiCTb

assault[a's:>:lt] Hac nysaT ; rsamyeaT

assessment[a'sesmant] Ol..liHKa,

Ol..\iHIOB8HHfl

assist[a'stst) ,qonoMaraT . cnp HT

attend[a'tend)6YT np CYTHiM, si,qsi,qysaT ; np ,qinHT ysary; niKnyBaT Cfl, Typ6ysaT Cfl

authorise[':>:8aratz] ynosHOBa>KysaT ;

,qopyYaT

authoritiesb:'8onttz] opraH sna,q autonomous[:>:'tonamas] aBTOHOMH ii available[a'vetlabl] ,qocTynH ii. Haf!BH ii

be available6YT HaHBH M

avalanche['c.evala:nS] cHiros ii o6san, nas Ha

average['c.evand3] cepe,qHiii

avoid[a'v:>td] yH KaT

ban[bc.en)3a6opoHHT

bandage['bc.endtd3) 6 HT, noe'H3Ka

be groundedr'pyHTyBaT Cfl

be jailed6YT ye'H3HeH M

be obliged (to)6YT 3o6os'H3aH M

(3MyWeH M)

be satisfied with6YT 3a,qosoneH M 4 MOCb

be sinking out of sight3H KaT 3 nonH 3opy

be well regarded (in),qo6pe

KOT pysaT Cfl

become commonplacecTaT

3B 4ai1HOIO pi4410; CT8T 6aHanbH M

benefit['bemftt) ,qasaT Kop CTb;

,qonoMaraT ; o,qep>KysaT Kop CTb

blame(b!etm] 3B HYB84YB8T ; BB8>K8T B HH M

blizzard['bltzad] 3asip10xa, xypTOB Ha

boost[bu:st) ni,qHiMaT ; ,qonoMaraT ni,qHfiT Cfl; peKnaMyBaT ; ni,qB Ll.IYB8T (L{iHy)

brain drain['brem drem] ei,qnn e Mi3Kis

breakdown['bretkdaun] 1..1inKOB Te 3Hec neHHH; na,qiHHfl; po3pyxa

breakthrough['bretk8ru:] npop s.

Ben Ke ,(IOCflrHeHHfl

bricklayer['bnkleta] MynHp

cantankerous['kan'tc.eokras] csapn s ii.

np Yenn e ii

capture['kc.eptSa]6paT s nonoH;

cniiiMaT . cxon T ; np sepTaT (yaaay)

carpenter['ka:panta] TecnHp; cTonHp carry OUt,(1060,(\ T ,(10 KiHI..Ifl; B KOHyBaT catch smb's breath3aTaMysaT no,q x

cause[b:z] np 4 Ha; ni,qcTasa; np si,q

cheat[tF:t) 06M8HIOB8T , o6,qyp10B8T

cherish['tSenS] nneKaT ; l..liHysaT

CiViC('stvtk) rpOM8,(1fiHCbK i1, 1..\ BinbH ii

coach[kautS] KapeTa; peneT Top; TpeHep,

iHCTpyKTop

coherent[kau'htarant]3B'fi38H i1; nori4HO nocni,qosH ii

common['koman]3B 4ai1H i1; cninbH ii

have (a lot) in commonMaT Ll.IOCb (6araTO) cninbHe (cninbHOro)

commonplace['komanplets] 3B 4ai1Ha

pi4; 6aHanbHiCTb

community[ka'mju:mti] rpoMa,qa, o6111 Ha

compress[kam'pres) cT cKysanl conceal[kan'si:l) xosaT . np xosysaT concise[kan'sats) cT cn ii. KOPOTK ii conclude[kan'klu:d) yKna,qaT (ooaoaip);

po6 T B CHOBOK

VOCABULARY

conclusion[kan'klu:3n] 3asepweHHSI ;

BI!ICHOBOK

conduct[kan'dAkt] secr11; npoBO,[IIiiTiil

conduct a surveynpoBOAI!ITiil OnlilryBaHHSI , OfnSI,[I

confidence['konftdans] , : osipa;

yneBHeHiCTb

consequent['konsikwant] nocni,I:IOBHI!I ;

ll.lO E: pe3ynbT8TOM (40e0Cb) considerable[kan'sidarabl] 3HaYHiil contradictory[.kontra'diktari]

1 n. cynepeYni!IBe rsep,IJ,)KeHHSI ;

2 adj. cynepeYnliiBiil

contribute[kan'tnbju:t] cnpi!ISITI!I ; po61!1Tiil

sma, :

conviction[kan'vikjn] 3acy,IJ,)KeHHSI ;

nepeKoHaHHSI

convince[kan'vms] nepeKoHysarlil

cope with smthcnpaBI!ITI!ICSI , ynopaTI!ICSI 3 YliiMOCb

courgette[koa'3et] Ka6aYoK

course[k:>:s] KYPC; wnSlx ; crpasa

COUrt[b:t] Cy,l:l; ,[IBip; KOpT, M8 ,[18HYI!IK

couscous['ku:sku:s] KYCKYC (nisHiYHoacppi!IKaHcbKa crpasa i3 nweHI!IYHo'iKpynlil)

crucial['kru:jl] BlilpiwanbHiil

cuisine[kwi'zi:n] KYXHSI

curriculum[ka'nkjalam] Kypc HaBYaHHSI ;

HaBYanbHiil nnaH; po3KnaA

damage['drem1d3] 3aB,[IaBaTI!I 361!1TKiB (WKO,I:IIil) ; nOWKO,IJ,)KyB8Tiil

decay[dt'ked rHI!ITiil , po3Kna,[laTI!ICSI

degree[di'gri:] cryniHb ; rpa,[lyc

Bachelor/Master's degreecryniHb 6aKanasKa/Maricrpa

deliberate[dt'IIbarat] HaBMI!ICHiil ;

06,[1yMaHiil

delinquency[dt 'IIokwansi] 3nOYI!IHHicTb (HenOBHOniTH iX )

desirable[dt'zaiarabl] 6a>KaHI!I ,

>Ka,[laHiil

despite smth[dJ'spatt] H93Ba>KaK>YI!I Ha

ll.lOCb

device[dt'vats] nnaH; np11 oM; np11crpi .

MexaHi3M

devote[dt'vaot] npi!ICBHYysarl!l devote one's life to sciencenpliiCBSIYyBaTI!I CBOE: >KI!ITTSI Hay1..1i

devote smb to smthnp11piKan1 Korocb

Ha li.lOCb

directory[da'rektari] , : osi,[IHI!IK, noKa>KYI!IK ; a, : pecHa KHI!Ira; an¢asiTHiil cn11co K (6yOb-RKUX 08HUX} ; KaTanor

disaster[dt'za:sta] n11xo, 6i, : a;Karacrpocpa

disgrace[dts'greis]1. n. raHb6a ,

693Y9CTSI ; 2. V. f8Hb611Tiil, 6e3Y9CT I!ITI!I

distinguished[dt'sttogwtjt] BiAOMiil ,

Blii,[I8THI!I

distraction[dt'strrekjn] si, : soniKaHHSI ysar11; Heysa>KH iCTb; po3sara

diversity[dat'va:sati] pi3HOMaHiTHiCTb ,

pi3HOM8HiTTSI

dough[daol] ricro; nacra

draughts[dra:fts] wawKiil (apa)

play draughtsrpar11 B wawKiil dreadful['dredfl] >KaXllliiBiil , crpawHiil drought[draot] nocyxa, 3acyxa

drug[drAg] niKIII; HapKOTI!IK

employee[tm'pbti:] CnY>K60B91..1b ,

npa1..1iBHI!IK

employer[tm'pbta] po6oro, : aBel..lb

engage[m'geid3] 3a MaTI!ICSI

be engaged (in)3a MaTI!ICs:t (4UMOCb) ,

6yr11 38 HSITI!IM (4UMOCb)

enliven[m'latvn] no>Ksasntosarlil ;

Ha,[II!IX8Tiil

enterprise['entapratz] ni, : npi!IE:MCTBO

entertain[.enta'tem] po3Ba>KaTI!I ,

3a6asnSITiil

entertainer[.enta't ma] ecrpa,[IHI!I

apTI!ICT ; KOHcpepaHCbE:

entertainmentLenta'temmant] po3sara

escape[I'sketp] yreKTIII ; YHIIIKHYTI!I essential[t'senjl] Heo6xi,[IHI!I ; icroTHiil exhausted[t g'z:>:stt d] BliiCHa>KeHI!I ,

3MyY9Hiil

existence[tg'ztstans] icHysaHHSI

exponent[tk'spaonant] iHrepnperarop ;

BliiKOHaB91..1b (MY3U4HOeO meopy) ; npe, : craBHI!IK (meop1i); Tliln , 3pa3oK ; eKcnoHeHT

exposition[.ekspa'ztjn] BI!ICTaBKa ,

eKcno3111..1iSI

extended[Ik'stendtd] po3TSlrHeHiil ;

p03Wiilp9Hiil ; npO,[IOB>K9Hiii ; TpliiBanlil

extensive[tk'stenstv] o6w11pH11 ,

WlilpOKiil ; ,[laneKOCSI>KHiil

facility[fa'stliti] 3,1:1aTHiCTb ; yMiHHSI ;

, : ocrynHiCTb; pi MO>Kni!IBocri , YMOBI!I ; pi

YCT8TKYB8HHSI , o6na,[IH8HHSI , npliiCTpo'i

faint-hearted[.femt 'ha:hd] 6o ry3Illi!Biil , nerKOAYXIil

favoured['fetvad] nplileine oeaHiil ; l!.IO

Mae: nepeeary

fee[fi:] roHopap; nnaTH ; ecTynHIII

BHeCOK

feel a lump in smb's throatBiAYyeaTiil

Kny6oK y ropni

fit[ftt]1. V. BiAnOBiAaTI!I (40MYCb);

roAIIITI!Ic ; nacyeaTI!I (oo 4ozocb);

2. adj. 3AOPOBIII , Y A06pi cpopMi

stay fitnepe6yeaTIII y xopowi cpopMi,

niATPIIIMyBaTI!I cpopMy

flaky['fletki] nnacTiBYaCTiil

fleeting[fli:ho] CKOpOMIIIHY4111

float[flaot] nnaeaTiil, TPIIIM8TIIIC Ha noeepxHi; nni!IBTIII

fluent['flu:ant] nnaeHiil , eiJlbHiil (npo

MOBY)

forbid[fa'btd] (forbad, forbade;

forbidden)3a6opoH Tiil

fossil['fosJ] CK8M1 HilliCTb; BliiKOnHa

TBapi!IHa

foundation courseniAroTOBYIII . 6a30BIII

KYPC

founder['faonda]3aCHOBHIIIK

freedom['fri:dam] ceo6oAa, eon

frequency['fri:kwansi] YaCTOTa; YacTe

nOBTOpiOBaHH

frequent['fri:kwant] YaCTiil ; YacTo

noeTOpiOeaHiil

freshman['frejman] nepwoKypcHI!IK;

aMep. HOBaYOK (y WKOfli)

fuel['fju:al] nanl!leo; nallbHe

fussy['L\si] MeTyWilli!Biil

generous['d3enaraslllleAp111

get exposure6YTIII BliiCBiTileHIIIM

get insight (into)npoHI!IKHYTIII B CYTb

get on wellI18AIIITIII (3 KUMCb)

give due to the memoryBiAAaBaTIII Hane>t<He naM' Ti

global warming[.glaobl 'w:>:mto]

mo6anbHe noTenniHH

goal[gaol] MeTa, l..lillb

graduate['grred3uatl BlilnycKHIIIK Blil oro HaBYallbHOro 3aKilaAy; aMep. TOll!, l!.IO 38KiH4111B HaBYallbHiil 38KI18A

graduate (from)['grred3juett] 3aKiHYyeaTiil

HaB48JlbHiil 38KI18A

greenhouse gas[.gri:nhaos 'gres]

napHI!IKOBiil ra3

hailstorm['hetlsb:m] rp03a 3 rpaAOM,

3Ili!IBa;clilllbHI!I rpaA

handle['hrend!] KepyeaTiil; ynopaTIIIC 3

heatwave['hi:twetv] nepioA ClilllbHo"i

cneKIII

helicopter['hehkapta] eepTOniT

highlight['hatlatt] BIIIAill Tiil; cKpaeo

OCBiTiliOB8Tiil

high-tech(a/so hi-techBritish} [.hat 'tek]

1. n. CyY8CHa TeXHOJlOrifl;

2. adj. BliiCOKOTeXHOJ10ri4Hiil

HIV-positive[.ettj at vi: 'pozahv] BIJl

no3111TiiiBHiil

immensely[t'mensli] AY>Ke, H8A3Biii48 HO ,

H8AMipHO

implication[.tmph'ketjn] enllYTYBaHHfl;

np1!14eTHiCTb; npliiXOBaHe 3Ha4eHHfl

impose[tm'paoz] o6KilaAaTiil (noAaTKOM

TOl!.IO); nOKI18AaTiil (060B'fi3Kiil TOl!.IO)

include[m'klu:d] MiCTIIITiil e co6i;

BKI1104aTI!I AO CKI18AY

injure['md3al nowKOA Tiil; nopaHIIITiil

get injurednopaHIIITIIIC

inevitable[m'evttabl] HeMIIIHYYIII ;

HeBiABOpOTHiil

influence['mfluans]1. n. enlli!IB;

2. V. cnpaBJlfiTiil Bnlli!IB; Bnlli!IB8Tiil

be influenced bynepe6yeaTIII niA

Bnlli!IBOM YOrOCb

intercourse['mtab:s] cnillKYBaHH ;

CTOCYHKIII

interfere[.mta'fta] BTpyYaTIIICfl;

nepeWKO,Q>KaTiil

internal[m't3:nl] BHYTpiwHi

intestine[m'testm] aHam. KliiWeYHIIIK

investigate[m'veshgett] AOCili.Q>KyeaTiil;

BIIIB48Tiil; p03CiliAyBaTiil invisible[m'vtzabl] HeBIIIAIIIMiil isolated['atsalethd] i30ilbOBaHIII ;

BiAOKpeMJleHiil

IT = information technology

iHcpOpMal..li Ha TeXHOJlOrifl

join[d3:>tn]3'E:AHYBaTiii(Cfl),

o6'E:AHYB8Tiii(C )

junior['d3u:nial MOilOAWiil ; aMep.

CTyAeHT nepeAOCTaHHbOro Kypcy

keep pace withTill HapiBHi, He BiACTaBaTiil

VOCABULARY

landslide['lawdslatd] 3CyB , o6san

legislation[.Ied3ts'letjn] 3aKOHO,QaBC TBO

liberty['hbati] cso6o.Qa , sonH load of rubbishKYna na Ha local authoritiesMiCI..IeBa sna,Qa

make smb gasp3MYC H1 3a,Q XHYT C51 (p03351B T pma) Bi,Q nO,Q BY

mankind[mren'kamd] mo,QCTBO

masterpiece['mo:stapi:s] we,Qesp

mature[ma'tjua] 1. adj. CT rn . cnin ; 3pin ; 2. V. ,QOCT raT ; ,Q03piBaT ; l.linKOM p03B HYT C51

memorable['memarabl] naM'HTH .

He3a6YTHi

Montreal[.montn'::J:l] MoHpeanb

music hallMI03 K-xon ; KOHI..IepTH 3an

mutual['mju:tjual] B3aE:MH

notable['nautabl] B ,QaTH . B 3Ha'-IH I1

nuclear['nju:klia] H,QepH

obey[a'bet] cnyxaT C51, Kop T C51

objective[ab'd3ekttvl MeTa, nparHeHHH

obligation[.obh'getjn] 306oB'513aHHH ;

o6os'5130K

obliteration[a,bhta'retjn] 3H ll.leHHH ;

CT paHH51

obvious['obvias] HBH . O'-leB AH

obviously['obviasli] HBHO, O'-leB ,QHO

occur[a'b:] Tpanmn cH ; Bi,Q6ysan1C51

offend[a'fend] KP BA T . o6pa>t<aT

offender[a'fenda] npasonopywH K .

3n04 Hel.lb

oppose[a'pauz] '-I H T onip, on paT C51

order['::J:da] nop51,QOK

in order to.Qn51 Toro ll.I06 orphan['::J:fn] c poTa overallLauvar'::J:l] 3aranbH

overseas[.auva'si:z] 1. adj. 3aMopcbK ;

3aOKeaHCbK ; 3aKOp,QOHH ;

2. adv. 3a KOp,QOHOM ; 3a KOp,QOH

owe smth to smb[ao] 3a6oprysaT ll.IOCb

KOMYCb

ozone layer['auzaun leta] 030HOB wap

pace[pets] KPOKYBaT . xo,Q T participant[po:'ttst pant] y'-laCH K participate[po:'tlst pett] 6paT yYaCTb particular[pa'ttkjala] oco6n B

pass[po:s] npoxo,Q T . npo"i>K,Q>KaT ;

nepe,QaBaT

pass an exam I take an exam

3,QaBaT eK3aMeH

persistence[pa'ststans] ynepTiCTb ,

Hanonern BiCTb

persuade[pa'swetd] nepeKoHyBaT

phenomenon[ft'nomman] (pi

phenomena) HB ll.le, cpeHOMeH

poison['p::ltzn] OTPYTa

pore over[p:>:] 3ocepe,Q>KeHo B B'-IaT possibility[.post'bthti] MO>t<n BiCTb precisely[pn'saisli] TO'-IHO predecessor['pri:dtsesa] nonepe,QH K pregnant['pregnant] sariTHa

preserve[pn'Z3:v] 6eperr . oxopoHHT ;

36epiraT

prevent[pn'vent] Bi,QBepTaT ; 3ano6iraT ; nepewKo,Q>KaT

prevention[pn'venjn] 3ano6iraHH51

provide[pra'vatd] nocTa'-laT ; Ha,qasaT

publicly fundedcpiHaHcosaH

,Qep>t<aBH M KOWTOM

purpose['p3:pas] MeTa

put into wordss cnosntOBaT .

cpopMyntOBaT cnosaM

quality('kwohti) HKiCTb; BnaCT BiCTb

quotation[kwau'tetjn] l.I TaTa ; l.I TYBaHHH

ray[ret] npoMiHb

rebellious[n'beljas] 6yHTapcbK ;

nOBCTaHCbK ; ynepT

reckon['rekan] paxysaT . ni,QpaxosysaT ;

po3paxosysaT ; .QyMaT . ra,qaT

recognize['rekagnatz) yni3HaBaT ;

B 3HaBaT

reduction[n'dt.kjn] 3H >KeHHH ;

3M9HW9 HH51, CKOp04eHH51

reject[n'd3ektl Bi,QK ,QaT . Bi,Qx mn ;

Bi,QMOBn51T

rely[n'lat] noKna,QaT CH

reliable[n'latabl] Ha,Qi H

remain[n'mem] 3an waT C51

remote[n'maut] Bi,Q,QaneH . ,QaneK

renowned[n'naund] cnaseTH .

3HaMeH T

rescue['reskju:) pHTyBaHHH ,

B 3BOneHH51

resemblance[n'zemblans ) cxo>t<iCTb ,

no,Qi6HiCTb

resist[n'ztst] o6opOH51T C51, '-I H T onip

respect[n'spekt]1. n. noeara;

2. v. noea>t<aTlll

in this respecty l..lbOMY Bi,D,HOW9HHi respond[n'spond] eip,noeip,ar11 responsibility[n,sponsi'biiiti]

eip,noeip,anbHicTb

take responsibility forB351TI1 Ha ce6e

eip,noeip,anbHiCTb 3a

responsible[n'sponsabl] ei.o.noei.o.anbHliiH

rissole['nsaul] ciYeHa Komera; n11pi>t<OK 3 M'51COM (p116010)

rude[ru:d] rpy611H, 6pyTanbHI1H

run out ofB116irar11; 3aKiHYyeaTI1C51

safety['selfti] 6e3neKa

salary['srelari] 3apo6irHa nnaTa

security[si'kjuanti] 6e3ne4HiCTb; 6e3neKa self-assured[.selfa'juad] caMoeneeHeHliiH self-confident[.selfkonf1dnt]

CaMOBneBH9HI1H

shadow['jredau] TiHb

sheer[jia]51BHI1H, a6contOTHI1H

shot-putting['jotputio] wroexaHH51 51p,pa shrimp[jnmp] p,pi6Ha KpeeerKa significant[sig'mfikant] ea>t<ni1B11H;

iCTOTHliiH

sitter['sita] HarypH11K; TOH, XTO no3ye: xyp,o>t<HliiKOBi(cpororpacpoei)

skilled[sklld] KBanicpiKOB8HI1H, yMinliiH

speciality[.speji'rehti] cpax,

cnet.. ianbHicrb; cpipMoea crpaea

spectator[spek'teita] rn51p,a4

spicy['spaisi] npi1CMa4eHI1H cnet.. iHMlll; 3MiWaHI1H 3i cnet.. i51M11; np51HI1H

sport event[.sp:>:t 1'ventl cnoprliiBHe 3MaraHH51

steer clear of smb (smth)YHI1KaTI1

KOroCb (ll.IOCb)

stew[stju:] rywKyear11(C51) still life[.stil 'lalf] HaTtOpMopr strict[stnkt] cyeop111i1

strike[straik] (struck; struck, stricken)

611TI1, yp,ap51T11(c51); eny4ar11

strive[straiv] (strove, striven)crapar11c51; p,oKnap,arlll 3yc11nb strive for perfectionnparHyTI-1

.o.ocKoHanocri

suicide['s(j)u:Isaid] caMory6creo

sumptuous['sAmtjuas] po3KiWH11H; nliiWHllllil, 4YAOBI1Iil

superstition[.su:pa'sbjn] 3a6o6oH

suppress[sa'pres] nplllrHiYyearlll

survival[sa'vaivl] Blii>KI1BaHH51

suspect[sa'spekt] nip,o3ptOBaTI1

tactless['trektlas] HeraKTOBHllllil

takeaway['teikawe!] ll.IO eip,nycKaE:TbCH Ha AiM (npo zomoei cmpaeu)

target['ta:g1t] t.. inb, MiweHb

tarragon['treragan] 6om. non11H ocrporiH

tension['tenjn] Hanpy>t<eHH51

the cutting edge[oa ,kAtiO 'ed:s] nepep,HiH

Kpalil, 1..19HTp ,D,i51nbHOCTi

threat[8ret]3arpo3a, norpo3a

tough[tAf] Mii..IHllllil, reepp,111i1; I..IYnKllllil;

p03M .Ba>KKI1Iii,T51>KKI1Iil

transmission[trrenz'mijn] nepep,aya

treat[tri:t] nOBO,D,l!ITI1C51, CTaBI1TI1C51;

niKyeaTl!l

treaty['tri:ti] .o.oroeip, yrop,a

trust[trAst] p,oeip51T11(c51); noKnap,aTI1C51

undertake[.Anda'teik] (undertook,

undertaken)no411HaTI1, 6par11c51; 6par11 Ha ce6e (3o6oe'R3aHHR mo o); py4aTl!IC51, rapaHTyBaTlll

unrest[An'rest] XBI1ntOBaHH51;

3aeopyweHH51

value['vrelju:] t.. iHHiCrb; eapricrb; t.. iHa

Vancouver[vren'ku:va] BaHKyeep

veal[vi:!] ren51ntHa

victim['viktim] >t<eprea

violation[.vaia'leijn] OCKBepHeHH51; nopyweHH51

vocational[vau'keijanl] npocpeciliiHllllil

voluntarily['volantnli] p,o6poeinbHO;

HaBMliiCHO

volunteer[.volan'ba] p,o6poeonel..lb,

BOnOHTep

weight[weit] sara

whirlpool['w3:lpu:l] eop,oeeprb,

Konoeopor

white goods['wait gudz] rexHiKa, 51Ka BI1KOpi1CTOBYE:TbC51 B ,D,OMaWHbOMY

rocnop,apcrei

WOrk Of artBliiTBip MI1CT9l..ITBa

work on (a project)npal..ltOBaTlll Hap, (npoeKToM}

yield[ji:ld]3611paHH51 nno.o.ie (ypo>t<atO);

B11p06iTOK; Blii,D,06yTOK

IRREGULAR VERBS

II Ill

beat [bi:t) ................beat [bi:t) .................beaten ['bi:tn) ............61!1n1

become [bi'kAm) .....became [bi'kelm] .....become [bl'kAm) ........cTasaTIII; po6111TIIIC begin [bi'gm) ...........began [bi'g<en) .........begun [bi'gAn)............n041!1HaTIII(c )

bend [bend] .............bent [bent] ...............bent [bent] .................3ri!IHaTIII(c )

bite [balt) ................bit [bit] .....................bitten ['bitn) ...............KycaTI!I(c )

blow [blao) ..............blew [blu:) ................blown [blaon] ..............QYTIII

break [brelk] ...........broke [braok] ...........broken ['braokan] .......naMaTIII(c )

bring [bnu) ..............brought [br:>:t)..........brought [br:>:t) ...........npi!IHOCIIITIII

build [bdd) ...............built [bdt) .................built [bdt) ...................6y,QysaTIII

burn [b3:n) ...............burnt [b3:nt) .............burnt [b3:nt) ...............3anamosaTI!I

catch [k<etj). ............caught [ht) ............caught [ht) ..............nosi!ITIII; 36arHYTIII

choose [tju:z)..........chose [tjaoz). ...........chosen ['tjaozn) .........s1116111paT111

come [kAm) ............came [kelm] ............come [kAm] ...............npi!IXO.QIIITIII

cost [kost] ...............cost [kost]................cost [kost]..................KOWTysaTIII

creep [kri:p] ............crept [krept).............crept [krept) ...............nos3aTIII

cut [kAt] ..................cut [kAt] ...................cut [kAt] .....................pi3aTI!I

drive [dra1vl ............drove [draov) ...........driven ['dnvn) ............Be3TIII, "ixaTIII fall [b:l) .................. .fell [fel) ....................fallen ['b:ln] ...............na,QaTIII

feel [fi:l] ..................felt [felt] ...................felt [felt] .....................Bi.Q4ysaTI!I

fight [fait) ................fought [b:t) ..............fought [b:t) ................6opoTI!IC

find [famd) ...............found [faond] ...........found [faond] .............3HaXO,QIIITIII

fly [fla!]....................flew [flu:)..................flown [fiaon) ...............niTaTI!I

forecast ['b:ka:st]....forecast ['b:ka:st) ....forecast ['b:ka:st) ......nporHo3ysaTI!I

forget [fa'get] ...........forgot [fa'got] ...........forgotten [fa'gotn] ......3a6ysaTI!I

forgive [fe'giv] .........forgave [fa'geiv) .......forgiven [fa'givn) ........npoiJ.IaTIII

freeze [fri:z] ............froze [fraoz] .............frozen ['fraozn) ..........3aMopo>t<ysaTI!I

give [giv) .................gave [geiv) ...............given ['givn) ...............,QasaTIII

grow [grao] .............grew [gru:] ...............grown [graon] ............pOCTIII

hang (h<eU) .............hung [hAU) ...............hung (hAU) .................BiWaTIII; BIIICiTIII

hear [hia] ................heard [h3:d) .............heard [h3:d] ...............4YTIII

hide [haid) ...............hid [hid] ...................hidden ['hidn].............xosaTI!I

hit [hit] ....................hit [hit] .....................hit [hitl.......................y.Qap TIII; sny4aTI!I

hold [haold] .............held [held]................held [held) .................Tpi!IMaTI!I

hurt [h3:t) ................hurt [h3:t) .................hurt [h3:t] ...................3as,QaTIII 6omo; y.Qapi!ITIII

keep [ki:p) ...............kept [kept) ...............kept [kept) .................Tpi!IMaTIII, 6eperr111

lay [lei) ....................laid [leid]..................laid [leid]....................KnaCTIII

lead [li:d].................led [led] ...................led [led] .....................secTI!I

learn [13:n] ...............learnt [13:nt] .............learnt [13:nt) ...............y4111TIII, 3acsotosaTI!I

leave [li:v] ...............left [left] .................. .left [left] .....................3anl!lwaTIII; niTIII

lend [lend] ...............lent [lent] .................lent [lent] ...................n031!14aTIII (KOMYCb)

let [let] ....................let [let] .....................let [let] ........................Q03Bon TIII

lie [la!) .....................lay [le!).....................lain [lem]....................ne>KaTIII

light [laJt] ................lit [ht] .......................lit [ht] .........................ocsimtosaTI!I(c )

lose [lu:zl................lost [lost] .................lost [lost] ...................ry6111TIII

mean [mi:n] ............meant [ment] ...........meant [ment] .............03Ha4aTI!I

meet [mi:t] ..............met [met] .................met [met]...................3ycTpi4aTI!I

pay [pe!]..................paid [peid]................paid [peid) ..................nnaTI!ITIII

IRREGULAR VERBS

II Ill

put [put] ..................put [put] ...................put [put].....................KilaCTI-1

retell Lri:'tel]............retold [ri:'tauld] ........retold [ri:'tauld] ..........nepeKa3aTI!1

ride [ra!d] ................rode [raud] ...............ridden ['ndn] .............."iJAI!1TI!1 sepx111

ring [no] ..................rang [rreo] ................rung [rAo] ..................A3BOHI!1TI!1

rise [ra!z] ................rose [raoz] ...............risen ['nzn] ................niAHiMaTII1C

run [rAn]..................ran [rren] ..................run [rAn] ....................6irTII1

say [sel] ..................said [sed] .................said [sed] ...................cKa3aTI!1, rosop1!1TI!1

see [si:]...................saw (s;,:] ..................seen [si:n]..................6a41!1TI!1

seek [si:k] ...............sought (s;,:t].............sought (s;:,:t]...............wyKaTI-1

sell [sell ..................sold [sauld] ..............sold [sauld] ................npoAaBaTI-1

send [send] .............sent [sent] ...............sent [sent] .................noc111naT111; nepeAaBaTI!1

set [set]...................set [set] ...................set [set] .....................noMilllaTI-1; 3aXOA111TI!1

............................................................... ..................................(npo coH e)

shake [je!k].............shook [juk] ..............shaken ['jeikan] .........Tp CTI-1

shine [jam] ..............shone (Son] ..............shone [jon] ................c Tl-1, csiTII1TI!1

shoot [ju:t] ..............shot [jot] ..................shot [jot] ....................cTpin Tl-1

show [jau] ...............showed [jaud] ..........shown [jaun] ..............noKa3ysaTI!1 shut []At] .................shut []At] ..................shut []At] ....................3aKp1!1BaTI!1

sing [s!o] .................sang [sreo] ...............sung [sAo] ..................cnisaTI-1

sink [siok] ...............sank [sreok] .............sunk [sAok] ................TOHYTI-1, nomnaTI!1;

................................................................................................. 3aHyptOBaTI!1

sleep [sli:p] .............slept [slept] ..............slept [slept] ................cnaTI-1

smell [smel] ............smelled, smelt.. .......smelled, smelt.. .........4YT111 (BiA4ysaT111)

.................... ...........[smeld], [smelt] .......[smeld], [smelt] .........3anax; HtOXaTI!1

speak [spi:k] ...........spoke [spauk] ..........spoken ['spaukan] ......rosop1!1TI!1

spell [spell ..............spelt [spelt] ..............spelt [spelt] ................BI!1MOBil TI!1 (cnoeo)

................................................................................................. no niTepax

spend [spend] ..........spent [spent] ............spent [spent] ..............B1!1Tpa4aTI!1 (apowi)

spin [sp ] ...............spun [spAn] ............._. spun [spAn] ................np CTI-1; sepTiTI-1

spread [spred].........spread [spred] .........spread [spred] ...........po3nosctap,>KyBaTI!1

stand [strend] ..........stood [stud] .............stood [stud] ...............CTO Tl-1

steal [sti:l] ...............stole [staul] ..............stolen ['staulan] .........KpacTI-1

stick [stlk] ...............stuck [stAk] ..............stuck [stAk] ................BcTpOMil Tl-1, KOilOTI!1

strike [straik] ...........struck [strAk] ...........struck [strAk] .............yAap Tl-1

sweep [swi:p]..........swept [swept] ..........swept [swept] ............MeCTI-1; 3MiTaTI!1

swim [swim]............swam [swrem] .........swum [swAm] ............nnasaTI-1

take [teik] ...............took [tuk] .................taken ['teikan] ............6paTI!1

teach [ti:tj] ..............taught [b:t]..............taught [b:t]................Ha84aTI!1

tell [tel] ...................told [tauld] ...............told [tauld] .................cKa3aTI!1, po3noBiAaTI!1

think [81okl .............thought [Eb:t1 ..........thought [8;,:t] ............AyMaTI-1

throw [erau] ...........threw [eru:] .............thrown [eraun] ..........K111AaTI!1

understand ............understood .............understood ...............po3yMiTII1

LAnda'strend] ...........[.Anda'stud] ..............[.Anda'stud]

wake [weik] ............woke [wauk] ............woken ['waukanl... .....npOK111AaTI!1C wear [wea] ..............wore (w;,:] ................worn (w;,:n] ................HOCI!1TI!1 (ooRa)

weep [wi:p] .............wept [wept]..............wept [wept]................nnaKaTI-1

win [wm] .................won [wAn] ................won [wAn]..................B1!1rpasaTI!1, nepeMaraTI!1

HaB48IlbHe BIII,QaHHfl Kapn'JOK OKcaHa ,QMumpisHa AHrlli CbKa MOBa

niAPY"'HHK AJ'l.H 11 Kilacy 3arallbHOOCBiTHiX HaB"'allbHHX 3aKI1aAiB. PieeHb cTaHAapTy

PeKoMeHi'JoeaHo MiHicmepcmeoM oceimu i HayKu YKpaiHu

AHrni CbKOIO T8 yKpa·IHCbKOIO MOB8MII1

BHAaHo Allfl einbHoro npoAa>KY

Pe,QaKTOpt.-1 lzop MuKonie, HamaniR 6ampuH

Xy.QO>KHIIIKIII fl106oMup 5euzep, IHHa ManRecbKa

,/J,IIIJaliiH i KoMn'torepHa eepcrKa AHopiu KocmuwuH, Map 'RHa Tepa3

3,QaHO ,QO Ha6opy 14.01.2011. ni,Qnt.-1CaHO ,QO APYKY 11.06.2011

<l>opMaT 70x100 1/16. rapHirypa Apian . nanip o¢ceTHI-1Iil . .QpyK o¢cerHI-1 .

YMOBH . ,.qpyK . apK. 24,1. 06n.-Bl-1.Q.apK . 25 ,7.

Tt.-1pa>K25 000 npt.-1M. 3aM. 126-11.

T30B "8t.-1.QaBHI-1f..ITBO "AcroH"

46006, M. TepHoninb, eyn. ra oea, 8.

Cei.QOI..ITBO npo BHeceHHSl .QO .Qep>KaBHoro pee:crpy cy6'e:KTiB Bt.-1.QaBHwm·icnpae .-1 TP N2 28 ei.Q 9.06.2005 p.

Bl-1.QaHo 3a nif..leH3ie:IO T30B "Bt-1.QaBHI-11..1TBO "AcroH"

Ha 3aMoeneHHSl nn Kapn'IOK A. T.

nPAT "nbeiBCbKa KHI-1>KKOBa ¢a6pt-1Ka "Amac",

79005, M. nbBiB, eyn. 3eneHa, 20 .

Cei.QOI..ITBO npo eHeceHHSl .QO .Qep>t<aeHoro pee:crpy

.QK N2 1110 Bi,Q 08.11.2002 p.

Has4anbHO-MeTOAH4HH KOMnneKT

An 11-ro Knacy

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Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1067

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We use POSSESSIVE and ABSOLUTE PRONOUNS	\|	C) Development of plants tolerant to abiotic stress which can be grown on degraded lands

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