That, if, as, though; as if, as though; while, when, where, after, etc.

87. How can conjunctions be subdivided in accordance with their structure?

In accordance with their inner structure conjunctions may be subdivided into simple (consisting of one stem) and compound (consisting of more than one stem).

Simple: and, but, or, when, where, etc.

Compound: however, as well as, in case, etc.

Note: Some conjunctions are used as part of a correlated pair, the elements of which are set at a distance from each other.

Double or correlated conjunctions: both … and, neither … nor, either … or, etc.

88. Do conjunctions have an independent syntactical function?

Conjunctions are never used alone in the sentence, nor do they have an independent function there.

89. What can conjunctions connect within a simple or compound sentences?

They are always used as mere connectives between different parts within a simple sentence or clause (people, objects, actions, phenomena, properties, and abstract notions, and, thus may bring together words of the same part of speech) or clauses within a compound sentence.

Peter and Mary went there (subject)

Peter finished his work and went there (predicate)

I saw peter and Mary (object)

These are Peter’s and Mary’s books (attribute)

Peter met Mary when he was staying at his friend’s place (adverbial modifier)

Peter met Mary after classes and they went home together (clauses)

90. For what communicative aims may conjunctions be used by the speaker (writer)?

1. to enumerate a number of objects, phenomena or utterances (and, as well as, both … and, not only … but also)

Peter and / as well as Mary went there.

2. to indicate a choice between objects, phenomena or statements (or, either … or)

Either Peter or Mary went there.

3. to contrast one utterance to another (but, whereas, while)

Peter went there whereas / but / while Mary did not.

4. to indicate that the following statement results from the previous statement (so, that, so that)

Peter went there so / that / so that Mary shouldn’t.

5. to indicate that the following statement expresses the cause of the previous statement (for, because, as)

Peter went there for / because / as Mary didn’t.

6. to indicate that the following statement expresses the condition for something (if, in case)

Peter will go there if / in case Mary doesn’t

7. to compare two statements (as if, as though)

Peter went there alone as if / as though Mary didn’t want.

8. to indicate the time of another event (when, while, as soon as)

Peter went there when / while / as soon as Mary returned.

9. to indicate the place of another event (where)

Peter went where Mary asked him to go.

10. to name the subject, object or another event or the quality of something (that, if, whether)

Mary didn’t know that / if / whether Peter went there.

It was not clear to Mary that / if / whether Peter went.

Note: Same conjunctions may be used for different communicative purposes.

“as” may introduce statements expressing the time or the cause of the event;

“if” – the object or the condition of the event;

“that” – the subject, object of an event, the quality of something and also the result of an event previously mentioned.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 940