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The Use of the bare infinitive.

The bare infinitive is used in a rather limited number of contexts, but some of these are quite common:

  • The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or any modal auxiliary verb (such as will, can, or should), except that ought usually takes a to-infinitive. So, "I will/do/can/etc. see it."
  • Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive, where the bare infinitive indicates an action taken by the main verb's direct object. So, "I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happen." (A similar meaning can be effected by using the present participle instead: "I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happening." The difference is that the former implies that the entirety of the event was perceived, while the latter implies that part of the progress of the event was perceived.)
  • Similarly with several common verbs of permission or causation, including make, bid, let, and have. So, "I made/bade/let/had him do it." (However, make takes a to-infinitive in the passive voice: "I was made to do it.")
  • The bare infinitive is the dictionary form of a verb, and is generally the form of a verb that receives a definition; however, the definition itself generally uses a to-infinitive. So, "The word 'amble' means 'to walk slowly.'"
  • The bare infinitive form is also the present subjunctive form and the imperative form, although most grammarians do not consider uses of the present subjunctive or imperative to be uses of the bare infinitive.

76. What are the moods in English? What are they used for?

There are 3 moods in English: the indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative. The indicative is used to present the event as a fact (I know that you write such things in your notebook), the subjunctive – as smth problematic or even contrary to fact ( I wish you wrote such things in your notebook), the imperative – as an urge (Write it in your notebook).

 

77. What mood forms are used to present events as imaginary or contrary to fact?

Subjunctive forms 3 (I should/would go, I should/would be present, he would go, he would be present) and 4 (I/he went, I/he were present) present events as purely imaginary or contrary

to fact (evidently, I do not expect such events to take place): I wish you wrote it in your notebook.. You would write it in your notebook if you could.

 

78. What moods are used to present events as necessary, desirable, but contrary to fact?

Subjunctive forms 4 (I/he went, I/he were present):

a) subject clause: It’s time he came here more often

b) object clause: I wish he came more often.

Note 1: if the event is presented as probable, the modal verbs might, could, would will be found here: I wish he could come = Probably he will.

Note 2: Occasionally form 1 (I/he should come) may be used to present events as highly improbable (mainly in the subject clause): I think it very doubtful that she should not have heard what her kind neighbors were saying).



79. What are the three types of conditional sentences?

The First Conditional

Form: If + present simple + will + bare infinitive
Example: If it rains, we'll go to the cinema instead.
Use: To express what will happen on the fulfilment of a condition that the speaker considers real and possible.

The Second Conditional

Form: If + past simple + would + bare infinitive
Example: If I had a car, I'd go out more.
Use: To express the result of an imaginary present or future situation. In the example as the speaker does not have a car, the condition is not fulfilled and therefore he/she does not go out more.

The Third Conditional

Form: If + past perfect + would + have + past participle
Example: If you had asked me, I would have gone with you.
Use: To express the result of an imaginary situation in the past. In the example the reality is that the speaker was not asked and so did not go with the listener.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1452


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