Chapter 11 Events 249

Designing a Type That Exposes an Event................................................ 250

Step #1: Define a type that will hold any additional information

that should be sent to receivers of the event notification............... 251

Step #2: Define the event member................................................. 252

Step #3: Define a method responsible for raising the event

to notify registered objects that the event has occurred.............. 253

Step #4: Define a method that translates the input

into the desired event......................................................................... 256

How the Compiler Implements an Event.................................................. 256

Designing a Type That Listens for an Event............................................. 258

Explicitly Implementing an Event............................................................... 260

Chapter 12 Generics 265

Generics in the Framework Class Library................................................ 270

Generics Infrastructure................................................................................. 271

Open and Closed Types.................................................................... 272

Generic Types and Inheritance........................................................ 274

Generic Type Identity......................................................................... 275

Code Explosion................................................................................... 277

Generic Interfaces......................................................................................... 277

Generic Delegates........................................................................................ 278

Delegate and Interface Contra-variant and Covariant

Generic Type Arguments....................................................................... 279

Generic Methods........................................................................................... 281

Generic Methods and Type Inference............................................ 283

Generics and Other Members..................................................................... 284

Verifiability and Constraints........................................................................ 284

Primary Constraints............................................................................ 287

Secondary Constraints...................................................................... 288

Constructor Constraints..................................................................... 289

Other Verifiability Issues.................................................................... 290

Contents xi

Chapter 13 Interfaces 295

Class and Interface Inheritance.................................................................. 296

Defining an Interface.................................................................................... 296

Inheriting an Interface................................................................................... 298

More About Calling Interface Methods...................................................... 300

Implicit and Explicit Interface Method Implementations

(What’s Happening Behind the Scenes).............................................. 301

Generic Interfaces......................................................................................... 303

Generics and Interface Constraints........................................................... 305

Implementing Multiple Interfaces That Have the Same

Method Name and Signature................................................................ 307

Improving Compile-Time Type Safety with Explicit Interface

Method Implementations........................................................................ 308

Be Careful with Explicit Interface Method Implementations................. 310

Design: Base Class or Interface?............................................................... 312

PART III ESSENTIAL TYPES

Chapter 14 Chars, Strings, and Working with Text 317

Characters...................................................................................................... 317

The System.String Type.......................................................................... 320

Constructing Strings........................................................................... 320

Strings Are Immutable....................................................................... 323

Comparing Strings............................................................................. 323

String Interning.................................................................................... 329

String Pooling...................................................................................... 332

Examining a String’s Characters and Text Elements................... 333

Other String Operations..................................................................... 335

Constructing a String Efficiently................................................................. 336

Constructing a StringBuilder Object......................................... 336

StringBuilder Members............................................................... 337

Xii Contents

Obtaining a String Representation of an Object: ToString................ 339

Specific Formats and Cultures......................................................... 340

Formatting Multiple Objects into a Single String............................. 344

Providing Your Own Custom Formatter......................................... 345

Parsing a String to Obtain an Object: Parse............................................ 348

Encodings: Converting Between Characters and Bytes........................ 350

Encoding and Decoding Streams of Characters and Bytes......... 355

Base-64 String Encoding and Decoding........................................ 356

Secure Strings................................................................................................ 357

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 632