Chapter 4 Type Fundamentals 91

All Types Are Derived from System.Object............................................ 91

Casting Between Types.................................................................................. 93

Casting with the C# is and as Operators........................................ 95

Namespaces and Assemblies...................................................................... 97

How Things Relate at Run Time................................................................. 101

Chapter 5 Primitive, Reference, and Value Types 111

Programming Language Primitive Types................................................ 111

Checked and Unchecked Primitive Type Operations.................. 115

Reference Types and Value Types............................................................ 118

Boxing and Unboxing Value Types........................................................... 124

Changing Fields in a Boxed Value Type by Using Interfaces

(and Why You Shouldn’t Do This).................................................... 136

Object Equality and Identity.............................................................. 139

Object Hash Codes....................................................................................... 142

The dynamic Primitive Type....................................................................... 144

Chapter 6 Type and Member Basics 151

The Different Kinds of Type Members...................................................... 151

Type Visibility................................................................................................. 154

Friend Assemblies.............................................................................. 154

Member Accessibility.................................................................................... 156

Static Classes................................................................................................. 158

Partial Classes, Structures, and Interfaces............................................... 159

Components, Polymorphism, and Versioning........................................ 160

How the CLR Calls Virtual Methods, Properties, and Events........ 162

Using Type Visibility and Member Accessibility Intelligently...... 166

Dealing with Virtual Methods When Versioning Types................ 169

Chapter 7 Constants and Fields 175

Constants........................................................................................................ 175

Fields............................................................................................................... 177

Chapter 8 Methods 181

Instance Constructors and Classes (Reference Types)......................... 181

Instance Constructors and Structures (Value Types).............................. 184

Type Constructors......................................................................................... 187

Contents ix

Operator Overload Methods...................................................................... 191

Operators and Programming Language Interoperability............ 193

Conversion Operator Methods.................................................................... 195

Extension Methods........................................................................................ 198

Rules and Guidelines......................................................................... 200

Extending Various Types with Extension Methods....................... 201

The Extension Attribute...................................................................... 203

Partial Methods.............................................................................................. 204

Rules and Guidelines......................................................................... 207

Chapter 9 Parameters 209

Optional and Named Parameters.............................................................. 209

Rules and Guidelines......................................................................... 210

The DefaultParameterValue and Optional Attributes......... 212

Implicitly Typed Local Variables................................................................. 212

Passing Parameters by Reference to a Method...................................... 214

Passing a Variable Number of Arguments to a Method........................ 220

Parameter and Return Type Guidelines.................................................... 223

Const-ness..................................................................................................... 224

Chapter 10 Properties 227

Parameterless Properties............................................................................ 227

Automatically Implemented Properties.......................................... 231

Defining Properties Intelligently....................................................... 232

Object and Collection Initializers..................................................... 235

Anonymous Types.............................................................................. 237

The System.Tuple Type.................................................................. 240

Parameterful Properties............................................................................... 242

The Performance of Calling Property Accessor Methods..................... 247

Property Accessor Accessibility.................................................................. 248

Generic Property Accessor Methods......................................................... 248

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Date: 2016-03-03; view: 727