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Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Background Gray’s Elegy is one of the most quoted poems in English literature. Gray worked eight years on it and never meant for it to be read by the public; he first published it reluctantly and anonymously. But the intense personal feelings the poem expresses gave it an immediate and universal appeal. The speaker is widely assumed to be the poet himself. He contemplates the deaths of those buried in the churchyard, then the deaths of all people, and then his own death.

                                                                  The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me.   Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;   Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such, as wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient solitary reign[174].   Beneath those rugged elms, that yew tree’s shade, Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.   The breezy call of incense-breathing Morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock’s shrill clarion or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.   For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care; No children run to lisp their sire’s return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share[175].   Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!   Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor.   The boast of heraldry, the pompof power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave[176].   Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault, If Memory o’er their tomb no trophies raise, Where through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault The pealing anthem swells the note of praise.   Can storied urn or animated bust Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? Can Honor’s voice provoke° the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull cold ear of Death?   Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire; Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre.   But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page Rich with the spoils of time did ne’er unroll; Chill Penury repressed their noble rage, And froze the genialcurrent of the soul.   Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear: Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air.   Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast The little tyrant of his fields withstood; Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, Some Cromwell guiltless of his country’s blood.   The applause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o’er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation’s eyes,   Their lot forbade: nor circumscribed alone Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined; Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, And shut the gates of mercy on mankind,   The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide, To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride With incense kindled at the Muse’s flame.   Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learned to stray; Along the cool sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.   Yet even these bones from insult to protect Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouthrhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, Implores the passing tribute of a sigh.   Their name, their years, spelt by the unlettered Muse, The place of fame and elegy supply: And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die.   For who to dumb Forgetfulness a prey, This pleasing anxious being e’er resigned, Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, Nor cast one longing lingering look behind?   On some fond breast the parting soul relies, Some pious drops the closing eye requires; Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, Even in our ashes live their wonted fires.   For thee, who mindful of the unhonored dead Dost in these lines their artless tale relate; If chance, by lonely contemplation led, Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate,   Haply some hoary-headed swain may say, “Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn Brushing with hasty steps the dews away To meet the sun upon the upland lawn.   “There at the foot of yonder nodding beech That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high, His listless length at noontide would he stretch And pore upon the brook that babbles by.   “Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, Muttering his wayward fancies he would rove, Now drooping, woeful wan, like one forlorn, Or crazed with care, or crossed in hopeless love[177].   “One morn I missed him on the customed hill, Along the heath and near his favorite tree; Another came; nor yet beside the rill Nor up the lawn nor at the wood was he;   “The next with dirges due in sad array Slow through the churchway path we saw him borne. Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay, Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn.”   The Epitaph Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown. Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, And Melancholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere, Heaven did a recompense as largely send: He gave to Misery all he had, a tear; He gained from Heaven (’twas all he wished) a friend.   No farther seek his merits to disclose, Or draw his frailties from their dread abode (There they alike in trembling hope repose), The bosom of his Father and his God[178].   2 lowing: the sound a cow makes; lea: meadow.   11 bower: a shelter of leafy branches.     15 rude: uncultured; unrefined. 19 clarion: a crowing sound; echoing horn: a hunter’s horn. 26 glebe: soil. 27 jocund: cheerfully; lightheartedly. 30 obscure: undistinguished. 32 annals: descriptive accounts or histories. 33 heraldry: Here, heraldry means “nobility.” 37 impute: attribute. 38 trophies: memorials to military heroes 39 fretted vault: an arched church ceiling adorned with carving in decorative patterns. 41 storied urn: a funeral urn depicting the life of the deceased and often inscribed with a legend; animated: lifelike. 43provoke: bring to life. 51 penury: extreme poverty. 54 unfathomed: not measured; unplumbed. 57 Hampden: a reference to John Hampden (1594–1643), an English Parliamentary leader who opposed Charles I over unfair taxation. 59 Milton: a reference to the poet John Milton (1608–1674). 60 Cromwell: a reference to Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), an English statesman and general who was responsible for much bloodshed. 65 circumscribed: limited; restricted. 70 ingenuous: innocent; naive. 72 incense kindled at the Muse’s flame: Here, incense means “praise,” and the Muse stands for a poet or poetry, so this phrase means “poetic praise.” 73 madding: acting as if mad; frenzied. 75 sequestered: sheltered; secluded. 76 tenor: course; direction. 81 unlettered Muse: uneducated poet (Gray is referring to the tombstone engraver). 92 wonted: customary; usual. 97 haply: perhaps; hoary-headed swain: white-haired countryman. 103 listless: lacking in energy; sluggish.   106 wayward: irregular; unpredictable; erratic. 110 heath: a stretch of land covered with heather or wild shrubs. 111 rill:a small stream or brook.   113 dirges: songs of mourning. 115 lay: poem. 116 thorn: a hawthorn, a thorny  

 



After Reading

Comprehension check: Recall and Interpret

1. At what time of day is the poem set? What mood does this time of day evoke?

2. In lines 17–28, what sights, sounds, and feelings does the speaker say the dead have left behind? What do these images have in common?

3. In lines 45–64, what does the speaker speculate some of the country people might have become? What kept them from reaching these heights?

4. Summarize the speaker’s feelings about the dead. How does the speaker hope readers will feel about the people buried in the churchyard?

Literary analysis: Evaluate and Connect

5 Interpret ElegyExplain the purpose of this elegy. Whom is the speaker praising, and why? What themesabout death does he express? Cite lines to support your interpretation.

6. Make Inferences About CharactersReview the chart of inferences you made about the dead villagers. Explain what you inferred about the following:

• their values

• the limitationsof their lives

• the benefits of their lot

7. Make Inferences About the SpeakerThe speaker reveals almost as much about himself and his values as he does about the villagers. Infer his opinion on the following topics from the statements he makes:

• the upper classes (lines 29–36) • city life vs. country life (lines 73–76)

• famous people (lines 67–72) • himself (lines 105–108; 117–128)

8. Compare and ContrastHow does the speaker’s imagined gravesite with its moving epitaphfit in with the other graves in the churchyard? How does it stand out? Discuss what the comparison suggests about the speaker’s relationship to the villagers.

9. Analyze Influence of Author’s BackgroundWhat in Thomas Gray’s personality and experience might have led him to write a formal elegy about a rural cemetery? Review the biography on page 230 and the background on page 232, as well as details in the poem, for clues to his motivations.

Literary Criticism

10. Different PerspectivesIn lines 65–76, Gray makes the point that the poor farmers were prevented from corruption as well as from achievement. Is it widely believed today that a rural existence is less corrupting than an urban one? Support your answer.

11. Personal WritingWhat accomplishments do you hope to achieve in life? For what qualities would you like to be remembered? Write 5 paragraphs describing what you want out of life, how you plan to achieve your goals, and how you hope people will remember you after you are gone. Save your work for your portfolio.

12. Internet ConnectionDo people still write elegies? Search the Internet by using the keyword elegy or elegies. Have people posted original elegies? Are there links to discussions of published elegies, such as Gray’s? In what other ways are people carrying on the elegiac tradition today? Share your findings with your classmates.

 

 


Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1690


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