ENGLISH ACADEMIC WRITING 5 page

thence at an obtuse angle on said line at right

angles to said forty-foot street sixty-seven and

thirty-five hundredths feet to said forty-foot

street; thence Southeasterly on said forty-foot

street one hundred and sixteen and fifty-five

hundredths feet to the point of beginning;

containing seven thousand eight hundred and

twenty-eight square feet more or less, and sub-

ject to the agreements and restrictions men-

tioned in a deed recorded in Suffolk Registry

of Deeds Lib. 1719, Fol. 83 so far as the same

are now legally operative.

Page 130

This deed of conveyance is made upon the

following express trusts and conditions which

the said grantees by accepting this deed agree

and covenant for themselves and their succes-

sors in office to fully perform and fulfil.

1. Said grantees shall be known as the "Chris-

tian Science Board of Directors," and shall con-

stitute a perpetual body or corporation under and

in accordance with section one, Chapter 39 of the

Public Statutes of Massachusetts.(1) Whenever a

vacancy occurs in said Board the remaining mem-

bers shall within thirty days fill the same by elec-

tion; but no one shall be eligible to that office

who is not in the opinion of the remaining mem-

bers of the Board a firm and consistent believer

in the doctrines of Christian Science as taught in

a book entitled SCIENCE AND HEALTH, by Mary

Baker G. Eddy beginning with the seventy-first

edition thereof.

(1)The deacons, church wardens, or other similar officers of Churches

or religious societies, and the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal

churches, appointed according to the discipline and usages thereof,

shall, if citizens of this commonwealth, be deemed bodies corporate

for the purpose of taking and holding in succession all grants and

donations, whether of real or personal estate, made either to the

and their successors, or to their respective churches, or to the poor of

their churches.

Page 131

2. Said Board shall within five years from the

date hereof build or cause to be built upon said

lot of land a suitable and convenient church edi-

fice, the cost of which shall not be less than fifty

thousand dollars.

3. When said church building is completed

said Board shall elect a pastor, reader or speaker

to fill the pulpit who shall be a genuine Christian

Scientist; they shall maintain public worship in

accordance with the doctrines of Christian Sci-

ence in said church, and for this purpose they

are fully empowered to make any and all neces-

sary rules and regulations.

4. Said Board of Directors shall not suffer

or allow any building to be erected upon said

lot except a church building or edifice, nor shall

they allow said church building or any part

thereof to be used for any other purpose than

for the ordinary and usual uses of a church.

5. Said Board of Directors shall not allow or

permit in said church building any preaching or

other religious services which shall not be con-

sonant and in strict harmony with the doctrines

and practice of Christian Science as taught and

explained by Mary Baker G. Eddy in the seventy-

Page 132

first edition of her book entitled SCIENCE AND

HEALTH," which is soon to be issued, and in any

subsequent edition thereof.

6. The congregation which shall worship in

said church shall be styled "The First Church

of Christ, Scientist."

7. Said Directors shall not sell or mortgage

the land hereby conveyed; but they shall see

that all taxes and legal assessments on said

property are promptly paid.

8. Said church building shall not be removed

from said lot except for the purpose of rebuild-

ing thereon a more expensive or a more conven-

ient structure in which said doctrines of Christian

Science only shall be preached and practised. If

said church building is removed for either of

the purposes above set forth, any and all tablets

and inscriptions which are or shall be upon said

church building at the time of removal shall be

removed therefrom and placed upon the walls

of the new edifice. If said building is burned,

the Directors shall forthwith proceed to rebuild

the church.

9. Said Directors shall maintain regular

preaching, reading or speaking in said church

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on each Sabbath, and an omission to have and

maintain such preaching, reading or speaking

for one year in succession shall be deemed a

breach of this condition.

10. Whenever said Directors shall determine

that it is inexpedient to maintain preaching,

reading or speaking in said church in accord-

ance with the terms of this deed, they are

authorized and required to reconvey forthwith

said lot of land with the building thereon to

Mary Baker G. Eddy, her heirs and assigns

forever by a proper deed of conveyance.

11. The omission or neglect on the part of

said Directors to strictly comply with any of

the conditions herein contained shall constitute

a breach thereof, and the title hereby conveyed

shall revert to the grantor Mary Baker G. Eddy,

her heirs and assigns forever, upon her entry

upon said land and taking possession thereof

for such breach.

To Have and to Hold the above granted

premises with all the privileges and appurte-

nances thereon belonging to said grantees and

their successors in office to the uses and trusts

above described forever.

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And the said grantor for herself and her heirs,

executors and administrators covenants with the

said grantees and their successors in office that

she is lawfully seized in fee simple of the afore-

said premises, that they are free from all incum-

brances not herein mentioned or referred to, that

she has good right to sell and convey the same

to the said grantees and their successors in office

as aforesaid, and that she will and her heirs,

executors, and administrators shall, warrant and

defend the same to the said grantees and their

successors in office forever against the lawful

claims and demands of all persons.

In witness whereof I the said Mary Baker G.

Eddy have hereto set my hand and seal this 1st

day of September, 1892.

MARY BAKER G. EDDY.

Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of

LAURA E. SARGENT.

R. E. WALKER.

September 1st, 1892.

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE,

MERRIMACK.

Then personally appeared the above named

Mary Baker G. Eddy and acknowledged the

Page 135

foregoing instrument to be her free act and

deed,

Before me

R. E. WALKER.

Notary Public.

September 2, 1892.

SUFFOLK REGISTRY OF DEEDS, Lib. 2081, Fol. 257.

Page 136

Deed Conveying Land for Church Purposes

METCALE to KNAPP et al. Trs.

Libro 2886, Fol. 521.

KNOW ALL MEN,

That I, Albert Metcalf, the grantor in a cer-

tain deed given to Ira O. Knapp and others

dated October 23, 1896, and recorded with Suf-

folk Deeds, Book 2591, page 398, do hereby de-

clare that the land conveyed by said deed was

conveyed to the grantees therein, as they are the

Christian Science Board of Directors, upon the

trusts, but not subject to the conditions men-

tioned in the deed creating said Board given by

Mary Baker G. Eddy to Ira O. Knapp and

others, dated September 1st, 1892, and recorded

with Suffolk Deeds, Book 2081, page 257. In

addition to the trusts contained in said deed of

September 1, 1892, from Mary Baker G. Eddy,

Page 137

this property is conveyed on the further trusts

that no new Tenet or By-Law shall be adopted,

nor any Tenet or By-Law amended or annulled

by the grantees unless the written consent of said

Mary Baker G. Eddy, the author of the textbook

SCIENCE AND HEALTH WITH KEY TO THE SCRIP-

TURES," be given therefor, or unless at the writ-

ten request of Mrs. Eddy the Executive Members

of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, (for-

merly called the "First Members,") by a two-

thirds vote of all their number, decide so to do.

And that the same inscription which is on the

outside of the present church edifice shall be

placed on any new church erected on said lot.

And in consideration of one dollar to me paid

by said Ira O. Knapp, William B. Johnson,

Joseph Armstrong and Stephen A. Chase, the

receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I do

hereby confirm the deed as above mentioned, and

do grant and release unto them, their heirs, suc-

cessors and assigns in trust as aforesaid, the

premises therein described.

In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my

hand and seal this nineteenth day of March, A. D.

nineteen hundred and three.

ALBERT METCALF. [Seal]

Page 138

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

SUFFOLK March 20th, 1903

Then said Albert Metcalf at knowledged the

foregoing instrument to be his free act and

deed.

Before me

MALCOLM McLOUD.

Justice of the Peace.

March 20, 1903. at twelve o'clock and sixteen minutes P.M.

Received, Entered and Examined.

Attest: THOS. F. TEMPLE, Reg.

A true copy from the RECORDS OF DEEDS for the COUNTY

OF SUFFOLK, Lib. 2886, Fol. 521.

Attest: CHAS. W. KIMBALL, Asst. Reg.

ENGLISH ACADEMIC WRITING

The Nature of Writing

English is now considered to be the world language of science, technology, and education. The knowledge of English allows professionals and researches to get access to the latest information in their fields and to effectively communicate with their colleagues throughout the world.

As far as our course is called "English Academic Writing" our task is to learn the way academic papers are produced. Writing is a complex process that requires a number of various skills. As research shows, its nature may be treated differently in different cultures and educational systems.

There exists an opinion that being able to write is a special talent. However, you can develop your writing abilities by following certain strategies and practicing various patterns.

As most Ukrainians (and not necessarily academics) know, our educational system is based primarily upon the non-written forms of knowledge acquisition, control, and evaluation. The only place in Ukraine where writing is explicitly taught is secondary school. There writing is viewed as a kind of verbal art that is assumed to be mastered in its 3 aspects – orthographic, grammatical, and stylistic. Teaching composition is traditionally a prerogative of the teachers of Ukrainian literature. Much emphasis is laid upon reading and producing grammatically and stylistically correct texts which have to evoke a certain aesthetic impression. At the same time structuring of the text, parameters of written communication, the context of situation, the purpose and message of the text are usually left unaddressed.

The attitudes toward writing and its teaching differ across cultures and educational systems. For example, in the United States writing has become a compulsory subject in all colleges. Such classes focus exclusively on composing and other writing skills rather than on the study of literature or the English language. The theoretical framework for such courses has been derived from the classical rhetoric that exists, according to Aristotle, to persuade. This phenomenon is understood differently in Anglo-American and Ukrainian authors.

Recent research has demonstrated that there exist certain differences in the organization and the ways of argumentation in academic writing of different languages and cultures. Such investigations have focused on the comparison of English and other languages, usually with a practical aim: to help non-native speakers to master the conventions of Anglo-American academic writing. For example, Chinese authors prefer indirect criticism, while English writers usually do not hide their attitudes. Finns pay less attention to the general organization and structure of their texts than Anglo-Americans. Ukrainian authors tend to avoid self-advertising, "eye-catching" features in their research papers. However, the writing style of one language and culture is neither better nor worse that the writing style of another language and culture: it is simply different.

The features characteristic of academic writing and relatively prominent in Anglo-American research texts are as follows:

1) intensive use of logical connectors (words like "therefore" or "however");

2) high degree of formal text structuring (i.e., division of the text into sections and subsections with appropriate headings);

3) tendency to cite and to include into the lists of reference the most recent publications in the field;

4) frequent occurrence of the phrases which provide reference to the text itself (e.g., "This paper discusses…");

5) tendency to follow a certain pattern of textual organization (e.g., problem-solution).

As for the Ukrainian scholars trying to write academic prose in English, they are to follow such useful strategies:

1) "lift" useful expressions from authentic English papers, combine them, add some of your own and use them in your writing;

2) pay attention to the organization and language of English papers in the leading journals in your discipline;

3) learn how the key parts of the academic text are typically organized and structured;

4) rely on assistance of your colleagues (working or studying in your discipline) – native speakers of English;

5) be always eager to rewrite and revise believing that the best way of mastering or improving writing (and not only in English) is to write as much as possible.

In general, such pieces of advice can be given to a writer of academic texts:

- use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation;

- write in an objective, neutral manner;

- accurately use the terminology of your discipline;

- ensure that your language is rich enough;

- write in an academic style, avoid colloquial language, jargon, and slang;

- arrange your ideas in a strict logical order;

- pay special attention to the introduction of your text;

- incorporate visual support (tables, diagrams, graphs) for your ideas;

- cite leading papers in your field;

- think of the general presentation (chapters, subchapters, paragraphs, etc.) of your text;

- pay special attention to the conclusion of your text.

Learning writing in the majority of cases is learning genres, that is developing knowledge of the rules of organization and the structure of integral texts. You must have already met this word, which originally came from French and has the meaning of "a kind of".

Genre is an event of communication, it is aimed at achieving certain communicative purposes. At the same time, genre may also be defined as a type of a written or oral text with a recognizable set of relatively stable features.

The most widely spread genres of English academic texts are as follows: summary, abstract, review, conference abstract, research paper, grant proposal.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 668