Piece work system of remuneration

The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover organ surfaces such as the surface of the skin, the airways, the reproductive tract, and the inner lining of the digestive tract. The cells comprising an epithelial layer are linked via semi-permeable, tight junctions; hence, this tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers. In addition to this protective function, epithelial tissue may also be specialized to function in secretion and absorption. Epithelial tissue helps to protect organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.

Skeletal system

206 bones, 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoratic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

Nervous system

Digestive System

§ Pepsinogen is the main gastric enzyme. It is produced by the stomach cells called "chief cells" in its inactive form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen. Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as peptide fragments. and amino acids. Protein digestion therefore first starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids that started their digestion in the mouth.

§ Hydrochloric acid (HCl): This is essentially positively charged hydrogen atoms (H), or in the layman's term "stomach acid," and is produced by the cells of the stomach called parietal cells. HCl mainly functions to denature the proteins ingested, to destroy any bacteria or virus that remains in the food, and also to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.

§ Intrinsic factor (IF): Intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. Vitamin B12 (Vit. B12) is an important vitamin that requires assistance for absorption in terminal ileum. Initially in the saliva, haptocorrin

§ Mucin: The stomach has a priority to destroy the bacteria and viruses using its highly acidic environment but also has a duty to protect its own lining from its acid. The way that stomach achieves this protection is by secreting mucin and bicarbonate via its mucous cells, and also by having a rapid cell turn over.

§ Gastrin: This is an important hormone produced by the "G cells" of the stomach. G cells, produce gastrin in response to stomach stretching occurring after food enters it, and also after stomach exposure to protein. Gastrin, is an endocrine hormone and therefore enters the circulation of blood and eventually returns to the stomach where it stimulates parietal cells to produce their hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor (IF).

There are four types of cells in the stomach:

§ Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

§ Gastric chief cells: Produce pepsinogen. Chief cells are mainly found in the body of stomach which is the middle or superior anatomic portion of the stomach.

§ Goblet cells: Produce mucin and bicarbonate to create a "neutral zone" to protect the stomach lining from the acid or irritants in the stomach chyme

§ G cells: Produce the hormone gastrin in response to distention of the stomach mucosa or protein, and stimulate parietal cells production of their secretion. G cells are majorly located in the antrum of the stomach which is the most inferior region of the stomach.

Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzyme^]:

§ Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum, into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.

§ Chymotrypsinogen, which is a inactive(zymogenic) protease that once activated by duodenal enterokinase, breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsiongen can also be activated by trypsin.

§ Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a protein

§ Several elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.

§ Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

§ Cholesterol esterase

§ Phospholipase

§ Several nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNAase and RNAase

§ Pancreatic amylase that, besides starch, and glycogen, degrades most other carbohydrates. Humans lack the enzyme to digest the carbohydrate cellulose, mainly due to its special hydrogen bonding structure.

Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous "brush border" enzymes whose function is to further cleave the already broken down products of digestion into absorbable particles. Some of these enzymes include:

§ Sucrase

§ Lactase: This is a significant brush border enzyme in that a majority fo Middleastern and Asian population lack this enzyme and also this enzyme decreases by age, and as such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middleastern, Asian, and older population, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and osmotic diarrhea.

§ Maltase

§ Other disaccharidases

Human eye structure

Eyebrow, eyelid, eyelashes

Human ear structure

Human Circulatory System

Human Respiratory System

Human Endocrinal System

Piece work system of remuneration

Piece work (or piecework) is any type of employment in which a worker is paid a fixed piece rate for each unit produced or action performed regardless of time. Piece work is a form of performance-related pay.

2. Time-plus-bonus system

The most progressive system of payment is a time-plus-bonus system, which paid for the work of both main and auxiliary workers. Under this system earnings accrue not only for the time worked but also for the achievement of certain quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative measures can be employed basis, performance audits and valuation problems, and quality- submit product on the first submission, raising grade production, saving of raw materials, tool, etc.

3. What is the wage system? Its types and differences between them.

Wage system – relationship between the actual results of work and wages of the employee.

Basic forms of wages:

- piece (quantity of output);

- time (number of hours worked)

Difference between wage systems lies in the way of calculating the earnings and the level of dependence on quantative and qualitative results of work not only the worker but also the organization as the whole.

Evaluation of the contribution workers:

- simple;

- bonuses

Nature of influence on the result of labor systems:

- direct

- indirect

Evaluation of the results:

- collective

- individual

New systems:

- flexible

- tariff

- contract

- multi-factor

4. What are the bases of piece-rate pay? Give characteristics of them.

Piece-rate pay is that its size depends on the number of workers produced goods (works) of good quality based on pre-established norms of the time (production) and costs, given the complexity and working conditions.

The basis of piece-rate pay is the norm of output (time) and the tariff rate.

Piece-rate pay it is therefore the easiest way for a business to ensure that employees are paid for the amount of work they do. Piece-rate pay is also sometimes referred to as a “payment by results system”.

Piece-rate pay encourages effort, but, it is argued, often at the expense of quality. From the employee’s perspective, there are some problems. What happens if production machinery breaks down? What happens if there is a problem with the delivery of raw materials that slows production?

These factors are outside of the employee’s control – but could potentially affect their pay.

The answer to these problems is that piece-rate pay systems tend, in reality, to have two elements:

• A basic pay element – this is fixed (time-based)

• An output-related element (piece-rate). Often the piece-rate element is only triggered by the business exceeding a target output in a defined period of time

5. What are the basic indicators of bonuses?

The enterprises involve using of basic and additional indicators of bonuses.

Basic indicators should reflect important areas of production of the enterprise and its subdivisions and to influence the efficiency and quality of work, results of production. In the case of over-fulfillment of results the amount of the premium increases and the failure - not paid at all.

There are individual and team bonuses to workers.

Indicators and the conditions of workers bonuses are:

- implementation and over-fulfillment personal plans;

- increase productivity; reduce labor intensity of production;

- improving product quality and competitiveness;

- manufacture of defect-free products, saving energy, raw materials, reduction of the defects, etc.

6. What are the time-based forms of remuneration?

In a simple time-based system of wage earnings of workers calculated as the product of time (daily) wage rate of the working a certain level on the number of hours worked in hours (days).

Time-based of wages is most often used:

- if the workers do not directly affect the increase in output;

- where there are no quantitative efficiency indicators, necessary to establish piece rates;

- if monitoring is organized and keeps records of time, which is actually employed workers;

- for the correct application of labor standards.

Cost of labor depends on:

- work presence (measured in hours, days)

- difficulty of the job (expressed by the hourly rate)

Wage = number of hours * hourly rate

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1088