Kinds of morphems.Allomorphs.

By the degree of their independence morphemes are classified into free and bound. Free morphemes may occur alone and coincide with word-forms or immutable words: at, by, water- (water, watery). Bound morphemes occur only incombination with other morphemes: dis- (dislike), -y (watery). Most roots are free but some arebound: cran- (cranberry). Affixes are always bound. Some morphemes occupy an intermediateposition between free and bound: 1.semi-affixes: -man (postman), half- (half-eaten); 2.combining forms: tele- (television), graph (autograph); By their frequency morphemes are classified into recurrent and unique. Recurrent morphemes are found in a number of words: sing-ing = sing- (singer,

sing-song) + -ing (walking, drawing). Uniquemorphemes are found only in a given word: pock (pocket). By their activity in the language affixes are subduvided into productive and non-productive. Productive affixes are used to build new words: ism (escapism), -ize (nationalize). Non-productive affixes do not build new words: -th (growth), -ous (monotonous). By their position in the word affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes. A prefix stands before the root and modifies its lexical meaning: kind - unkind. In some cases it changes the word's grammatical or lexico-grammatical meaning: sleep (noun) - asleep (stative). A suffix follows the root, modifying its lexical meaning and changing the word's grammatical or lexico-grammatical meaning: appear (verb) - appearance (noun).

The suffix renders a very general meaning and is often fused with the root semantically. In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound without changing meaning. The term allomorph explains the comprehension of phonological variations for specific morphemes. The morpheme consists of a class of variants, allomorphs, which are either phonologically or morphologically conditioned, e.g. please, pleasant, pleasure.

10. Highly productive ways of word-formation.Affixation. Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, and back formation In word-formation of the English language derivation and compounding are known to occupy a very important place.Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation [2].Suffixes may be classified proceeding from different criteria. According to the part of speech classification they fall into:a) suffixes forming nouns;b) suffixes forming adjectives;c) suffixes forming verbs;d) and adverb-suffixes [5].Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words [2].A compound word is a word composed entirely of smaller words.Blending is a special type of compounding by means of merging parts of words into one new word. This category of word-formation is a development which has linguistic value of its own in various languages. The tendency towards shortness has become most active in recent times, in present-day English, particularly [5].Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation [2].Rayevska thinks that derivative and compound words, as lexemes, have naturally the properties revealed in their paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. But there are cases when some semantic elements of such words do not find their formal expression and remain in "deep sense word-structure" [5].Meshkov defines that in English words can be simple, derivative and compound. A simple word consists of a root to which morphological flexions can join: for example "table", "book" are simple words. A derivative is a word which is formed by adding some affixes: for example, "speaker", "government", "to bed" are derivatives. Thus a verb "to bed" on a morphological structure is a simple word, and in this sense does not differ, from a noun, "a bed", however, a verb is the product of the word-formation act (conversion) and, therefore, "to bed" is a derivative word. Consequently, morphological and word-formation structure of word can not coincide from the point of view of their divisibility and indivisibility [4].A compound word is a word which appeared as a result of addition two or more bases: for example: "blackboard", "handcraft", "weekend". Also in linguistic literature it is accepted to determine derivative compound words, these are compound words which have one or more derivative affixes. Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. The role of the affix in this procedure very important and therefore it is necessary to consider certain facts about the main types of affixes. From etymological point of view affixes are classified into the same two large groups as words: native and borrowed. Borrowed affixes, especially of Romance origin are numerous in the English vocabulary. Affixes can also be classified into productive and non-productive types.

11. Compounding.Structural types of compounds. C.is joining together 2 or more stems.1 Without a connecting element: e.g.: heartbreak, headache 2 with the vowelconsonant like a linking element: e.g.: craftsman.3 with the preposition conjunction as a linking element: e.g.: down-and-out. . According to their structure compounds are subdivided into:a) compound words proper which consist of two stems, e.g. to job-hunt, train-sick, go-go, tip-top ,b) derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes, e.g. ear-minded, hydro-skimmer,c) compound words consisting of three or more stems, e.g. cornflower-blue, eggshell-thin, singer-songwriter,d) compound-shortened words, e.g. boatel, tourmobile, VJ-day, motocross, intervision, Eurodollar, Camford. WAYS OF FORMING COMPOUND WORDS.Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition but also by means of :a) reduplication, e.g. too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe,b) conversion from word-groups, e.g. to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,c) back formation from compound nouns or word-groups, e.g. to bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc ,d) analogy, e.g. lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in, brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.

12. Shortenings.Four types of contraction.S. (or contracted words) are produced in two different ways. The first is to make a new word from a syllable of the original word. The letter may lose its beginning (phonefrom telephone, fence from defence), its ending (hols from holidays) or both the beginning and ending (flu from influenza). The second way of shortening is to make a new word from the initial letters of a word group: U.N.O., B.B.C., M.P. This type is called initial shortenings (acronyms). They are found not only among formal words but also among colloquialisms and slang: g.f. (girl-friend). Here are some more examplesof informal shortenings. movie (moving-picture), specs (spectacles), I.O.Y. (Iowe you), metrop (metropoly), posish (position). Undergraduates' informal speechabounds in words of the type. exam, lab, prof, vac. hol, co-ed (a girl student at a coeducational school or college). The four types (root words, derived words, compounds, shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English words, and conversion, derivation and composition the most productive ways of word-building.

13. An abbreviationis a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could a lso be written out in full. So, for example, you might write Dr Kinsey inste ad of Doctor Kinsey. Here Dr is an abbreviation for the word Doctor. Likewise, the phrase for example can sometimes be abbreviated to e.g.

Abbreviations must be clearly distinguished from contractions. The key difference is that an abbreviation does not normally have a distinctive pronunciation of its own. So, for example, the abbreviation Dr is pronounced just like Doctor, the abbreviation oz is pronounced just like ounce(s) and the abbreviation e.g. is pronounced just like for example. (True, there are a few people who actually say "ee-jee" for the last one, but this practice is decidedly unusual.) A contraction, in contrast, does have its own distinctive pronunciation: for example, the contraction can't is pronounced differently from cannot, and the contraction she's is pronounced differently from she is or she has. Abbreviations are freely used in colloquial speech as seen from the following extract, in which СР. . The term abbreviation may be also used for a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in a text in place of the whole for economy of space and effort. Apart from the common form of shortening one word, there are other types of abbreviations. These include acronym and initials , apocope, clipping (phonetics) , elision , syncope , syllabic abbreviation, portmanteau.

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 2251