Ideological conflicts

To a large extent, (1) …… is like religion: it intensifies and symbolizes conflict between groups and states more than it causes them. Ideologies have a somewhat weaker hold on core values and absolute truth than religions do, so they pose somewhat fewer problems for the international system. Over the long run, even countries that (2) …… revolutions based on strong ideologies tend to lose their ideological fervor- be it Russia's Leninist communism, Iran's Islamic fundamentalism, or even US (3) ….... It seems that within a few years (or decades) of the "revolution" each of these governments turned to the (4) …… of national interests above ideological ones. For example, in China, Chairman Mao wanted to spread a "prairie fire" of revolution through the third world to liberate it from US (5) ……, but within a few decades Mao was welcoming the very (6) …… of US imperialism, President Nixon, to pursue mutual national interests. Economic conflictsEconomic conflict may be the most pervasive form of (7) …… in IR because economic transactions are so pervasive. Every sale made and every deal reached across (8) …… entails a resolution of conflicting interests. Most economic transactions contain a strong element of mutual (9) …… in addition to the element of conflicting interests. These mutual gains provide the most useful (10) …… in bargaining over economic exchanges: states and companies enter into economic transactions as they (11) …… by doing so. The use of violence would, for the most part, interrupt and (12) …… such profit. Thus, economic conflicts usually do not lead to military force and war. A different kind of conflict revolves around the distribution of (13) …… within and among states. These are tremendous (14) …… in wealth in our world, disparities that create a variety of international section problems with the potential for violence; chief among these is the issue of revolutions in poor countries. Such revolutions are often fueled by disparities of wealth within the country as well as its (15) …… relative to other countries. Marxist approaches to IR treat class struggle as the basis of international relations.

A. Round table discussion on the following issues:

1.A clash of civilizations will lead to cultural conflict and violence‘ (S.Huntington)

2.The pen is mightier than the sword‘

B. Discuss the topics that are found below with your partner:

regional conflicts ,causes ,consequences ,financial supporters

Grammar: Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions

Compare the usage Active Infinitive и Passive Infinitive

Ex.2 Translate into English using Active Infinitiveи Passive Infinitive.

Week 12 (2 hours)

Theme: TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM

Aims and Objectives:to develop furtherstudents skills in reading, speaking, analyzing international documents and newspaper articles, to improve their listening skills and to practise grammar.

You are going to read an extract from the VOA news. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-F the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

A. Fill in all gaps with words from the box below. Choose which of the words fit into the numbered gaps in following text. There is one extra word, which does not fit in any of the gaps. Be sure about the tenses and forms. The Taliban: Exporting Extremism

-Talibanization", the destabilizing export of Afghan-style radical Islam, may be a new (1)___ in the American political lexicon. But in Central and South Asia, where the (2) ___of the super strict Taliban rule of Afghanistan have been widely felt, the word has become all too familiar. As political fragmentation, economic (3)____, ethnic and sectarian warfare, and Islamic (4)___ tighten their grip on Pakistan and much of the rest of the region, the dangerous behavior of Afghanistan's new leaders is no longer a local affair. More and more, chaos in Afghanistan is (5)___ its porous borders. The ongoing civil war has polarized the region, with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia backing the Taliban regime while Iran, Russia, India, and four former Soviet Central Asian republics support the opposition Northern Alliance. The confrontation is producing enormous economic (6) ___ throughout the area, as the Afghan warlords' dependence on smuggling and drug (7) ____ grows insatiable. Into the political vacuum left by 20 years of war and the (8) ___ of stable government has marched a new generation of violent fundamentalists, nurtured and inspired by the Taliban's unique Islamist model. Thousands of foreign (9___ now fighting alongside the Taliban in Afghanistan are determined to someday overthrow their own regimes and carry out Taliban-style Islamist revolutions in their homelands. For example, the Chechnya-based militants who took over parts of Dagestan in July included in their ranks Arabs, Afghans, and Pakistanis, most of whom had fought in Afghanistan. So had the 800 Uzbek and Tajik gunmen who took over parts of southern Kyrgyzstan in August. The state (10) __ in Afghanistan offers militants from Pakistan, Iran, the Central Asian republics, and China's predominantly Muslim Xinjiang province a tempting package deal: sanctuary and (11) ___ through smuggling. China, too, has been affected by the ascendance of the Taliban. Beijing shunned the civil war in Afghanistan until February 1999, when it first made overtures to the Taliban in an attempt to stem the tide of Afghan heroin flooding Xinjiang. The heroin was helping fund Islamist nationalist (12) ____ to Beijing Muslim ethnic groups. Militants have trained and fought with the Afghan mujahideen since 1986, and Chinese officials say the arms and explosives the rebels have used against Chinese security (13) ___ come from Afghanistan. Taliban officials have assured China that they are not harboring all ethnic groups, but some ethnic militants are known to be involved with Yuldashev and with bin Laden-if not the Taliban itself. The Taliban's reasons for this regional adventurism are a mixture of naivet?, frustration, and ideology. At one level, the Taliban insist that Afghan tribe (14) __ obliges them to give sanctuary to guests such as bin Laden. But the Taliban are also furious with Iran and Uzbekistan for their military (15) ___ of the Northern Alliance. And Kabul is deeply frustrated with its rejection by the international (16) ____ and the Muslim world, which has refused to recognize the Taliban government. By harboring (17) __, Afghanistan gets its revenge. "Our prestige is spreading across the region because we have truly (18) ___ Islam, and this makes the Americans and some neighbors very nervous," says Afghan Information Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi. That is putting it lightly. As militants from around the world (19) ___ it for sanctuary, Kabul only increases its support for the wave of Talibanization it hopes (20) ___ on the region and beyond.

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 725