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COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDSEx. 1. Affect or effect? Efficient or effective? Read the information in the boxes[18] and underline the correct word in the sentences below
1. The really hot weather affected/ effected everybody’s ability to work. 2. I know my neighbours play loud music late at night, but that doesn’t affect/ effectme. I can sleep through anything. 3. The number of tourists travelling to Britain this year has not been effected/ affectedby the strength of the pound. 4. The tablets which he took every four hours had no noticeable effect/affecton his headache. 5. My words of comfort had little affect/ effect. She just went on crying and wouldn’t stop. 6. When you effect/ affect a situation, you have an effect/ affect on it. 7. What effect/ affect does pollution have on the atmosphere?
1. She was efficient/ effective in everything she did and was frequently commended for exemplary service to the organization. 2. He hasn’t made very efficient/ effectiveuse of his time in revising for these exams: he has made no notes and his concentration spans appear to last for no longer than ten minutes. 3. This engine is really efficient/ effective, it can run for 30 km on only 1 litre of fuel. 4. These tablets really are effective/ efficient. My headache’s much better now. 5. The only effective/ efficient way to avoid hay fever at this time of the year, if you are a sufferer, is to stay indoors. 6. Effective/ efficient postgraduate researchers can get the most out of their PhD. READING The Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area[19] The overarching aim of the Bologna Process is to create a European Higher Education Area (EHEA) that promotes mobility; attracts students and staff from Europe as well as from other parts of the world; and is internationally competitive. It aims to do this by facilitating greater comparability and compatibility between the diverse higher education systems and institutions across Europe and by enhancing their quality. Starting from a non-binding agreement at European level (the 1999 Bologna Declaration), the Bologna Process has initiated reforms in higher education across Europe. Today, 49 European countries participate in the Bologna Process. They are all party to the European Cultural Convention and committed to the goals of the European Higher Education Area. Russia joined the Bologna Declaration in 2003. An important characteristic of the Bologna Process – and a key to its success – is the close cooperation between governments, higher education institutions, and quality assurance agencies. What Are the Reforms All about? The Bologna Process is probably best known for its objective to structure higher education along three cycles (Bachelor-Master-PhD), converging formerly very diverse higher education structures in Europe and bringing them in line with international standards. In 2005, Ministers adopted an overarching Framework for Qualifications in the European Higher Education Area comprising three cycles and they agreed to develop national qualifications frameworks that are compatible with this overarching framework. Access to the second cycle (Master) usually requires successful completion of the first cycle studies (Bachelor), lasting a minimum of three years. The degree awarded after the first cycle should also be relevant to the European labour market as an appropriate level of qualification. Countries are currently defining learning outcomes for qualifications in each of the three cycles, using the Framework for Qualifications in the European Higher Education Area as a common reference point. Work to define learning outcomes is also a significant component in the broader move towards student-centered learning and teaching. Doctoral education – generally corresponding to a workload of 3–4 years full time – was introduced to the Bologna Process as the third cycle by Ministers in 2003, when they agreed that:
Joint Degrees The Bologna Process has paved the way for a growing number of joint degree programmes. The following key features are usually associated with qualifications described as joint degrees:
Mobility Facilitating mobility is one of the main objectives of the creation of the European Higher Education Area. Intra-European and international student and staff mobility has become an essential part of European higher education culture. More than 5600 higher education institutions in Europe offer a great variety of degree programmes for domestic and international students. Date: 2016-01-05; view: 998
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