regulate conflicting resolve (2) foes dispute allies peace settle

Conflict is a state of opposition, or disagreement between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterized by physical ______________. In _______________ situations, the two or more ___________ parties, or _____________, each have _______________ goals, so that when either party tries to reach their goal it will undermine the attempts of the other to reach theirs. Therefore, _________________ situations will by their nature ___________ conflict. However, conflict can also _______________in cooperative situations, in which two or more parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which one party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other.

A _____________ of interests, values, actions or directions often ____________a conflict. Conflicts refer to the existence of that ____________. Even when we say that there is a ______________ conflict we are implying that there is already a conflict of ____________ even though it hasn’t yet come into the open.

Conflict can exist at a variety of levels of analysis: intrapersonal conflict, ____________ conflict (between individuals), ______________ conflict (between groups), intra-state conflict (for example: civil wars, election campaigns), ________________ conflict (between states) etc.

Often a group finds itself _______________ conflict over facts, goals, methods or values It is critical that the ______________ of conflict it is experiencing is properly identified if the group hopes to _______________ the conflict successfully through to _________________. The more difficult ______________ of conflict is when values _____________ the conflict . It is more likely that a conflict over facts, or assumptions, will be _________________ than one over values. It is extremely difficult to "prove" that a value is "right" or "correct".

Practitioners of nonviolence have developed many practices to _____________ social and political conflicts without resorting to violence or ______________. In Western society, practitioners usually suggest that attempts to find mutually _____________ solutions lead to the most satisfactory outcomes, so they encourage parties to ________________ for their common ___________. In some instances, a group will benefit from the use of a _____________ _____________, or facilitator to ______________ tense situations. Process consultants can help the parties to _____________ their differences by helping them identify the specific type of conflict.

COMMENTARY:

What open cloze questions involve:

• semantic precision –producing the word with the correct meaning in relation to the meaning of the sentence or the text as a whole.
• collocation –deciding which word goes together with another or others to form a phrase.
• complementation –producing a word-formwhich will form a grammatically correct structure.
• idioms –set phrases which make sense only as phrases, their meaning may differ substantially from the separate meanings of individual words in them.
• fixed phrases –phrases in which individual parts always go together. It is essential that you should know which word exactly completes the phrase.
• phrasal verbs -phrases consisting of a verb followed by a preposition and/or an adverb which have a meaning that cannot be understood from the individual meaning of the verb.

PERSONALISING THE TOPIC

STRATEGY

Thinking about your personal connection to the topic is a powerful tool which can help you understand and interiorize the subject matter.

Ø DISCUSSION

STRATEGY

Many academic activities are discussion based. Discussions help to look at a topic in more depth than in a lecture, learn from each other’s views and experiences, develop skills in putting forward a case as well as ask questions and explore issues with other students. To take part in any discussion it is essential that you should

• plan your work: identify what you want to get from a discussion, do preparatory work, decide on your responsibilities (what your contribution will be);
• work towards objectives: exchange information, participate in a discussion to suit your objectives, contributing relevantly for the purpose, topic and participants, listen and respond sensitively, helping others to contribute;
• review work: decide if you have achieved your objectives, reflect on the factors affecting the outcomes of the discussion and on how to improve.

Think of one or two situations of social conflict you have been in. What caused them? What was the outcome? What peacemaking strategies could have been applied? Discuss the situations with a partner and fill in the table about your and the partner’s experiences.