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Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If I knew his number, I would phone him. (know)

2. I wouldn't buy that coat if I were you. (not/buy)

3. I --- you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't. (help)

4. We would need a car if we --- in the country. (live)

5. If we had the choice, we --- in the country. (live)

6. This soup isn't very good. It --- better if it wasn't so salty. (taste)

7. I wouldn't mind living in England if the weather --- better. (be)

8. If I were you, --- (not/wait). I --- now. (go)

9. You're always tired. If you --- to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be tired all the time. (not/go)

11. I think there are too many cars. If there --- so many cars (not/be), there --- so much pollution. (not/be)

 

13.4 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense to form either a first or a second, or a third conditional clause.

“If you don’t work harder at school, you 1) ‘ll never get (never get) a good job.” I remember my parents saying these words to me when I was at school. If I had listen to them then, I 2) (not become) what I am now. I 3) (be) so much more if I had tried harder. I haven’t always be a tramp actually; when left school I had a job as a milkman and if the hours had been easier, I 4) (do) it for much longer, I hated getting up so early in the morning. When I lost my job, I 5) (cannot pay) the rent, so my landlord said that if I 6) (not get) another job, I would be on the streets; and before I knew it, I was. I could have got another job if I 7) (want) to, but at first I quite enjoyed the freedom of the outdoor life. If you sleep out in summer, it 8) (not be) too bad, but in winter it’s awful. If I 9) (can change) anything about life now, I would get in touch with my family again, even though I know they would only say, “If you’d worked harder at school, you 10) ( not get) yourself in this situation.


UNIT XIV

RELATIVE CLAUSES

The woman who lives next(relative clause) door is a doctor.

A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

The woman who lives next door ... ('who lives next door' tells us which woman)

People who live in London ... ('who live in London' tells us what kind of people)

We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). We use who instead of he/she/they:

The woman--she lives next door--is a doctor

è The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

We know a lot of people--they live in London

è We know a lot of people who live in London.

An architect is someone who designs buildings.

What was the name of the man who lent you the money?

Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.

You can also use that (instead of who):

The man that lives next door is very friendly.

When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not 'who') in a relative clause:

Where is the cheese? - It was in the fridge

è Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?



è Where is the cheese, which was in the fridge?

I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or ... stories which have ...)

Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines. (or ... a company which makes...)

The machine that broke down has now been repaired. (or The machine which broke down ...)

You cannot use what in sentences like these:

Everything that happened was my fault. (not 'Everything what happened...')

What = 'the thing(s) that';

What happened was my fault. (=the thing that happened)

Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which instead of he/she/they/it. So we say:

Do you know the woman who lives next door? (not '...the woman she lives next door')

Relative clauses with or without who/that/which

Look at these example sentences:

The woman [who] lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives...)

[The woman] lives next door. Who(= the woman) is the subject

Where is the cheese [that] was in the fridge? (or ... the cheese which was...)

[The cheese] was in the fridge. That(= the cheese) is the subject

You must use who/that/which when it is the subjectof the relative clause. You cannot say 'The woman lives next door is a doctor' or 'Where is the cheese was in the fridge?'

Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb. For example:

The woman [who] I wanted to see was away on holiday.

I wanted to see [the woman]. who(= the woman) is the object. I is the subject

* Have you found the keys [that] you lost?

You lost [the keys]. that(= the keys) is the object. you is the subject

When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out. So you can say:

The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see...

Have you found the keys you lost? or ... the keys that you lost?

The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. or The dress that Ann bought...

Is there anything I can do? or ... anything that I can do?

Note that we say:

The keys you lost (not 'the keys you lost them')

The dress Ann bought (not 'bought it')

Notice the position of prepositions (in/at/with etc.) in relative clauses:

Do you know the woman?--Tom is talking [to] her

è Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking [to]?

The bed--I slept [in] it last night - wasn't very comfortable

è The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn't very comfortable.

Are these the keys (that/which) you were looking for?

The woman (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks.

The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.

In all these examples, you can leave out who/that/which.

 

You cannot use what in sentences like these:

Everything (that) they said was true. (not 'Everything what they said ...')

I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not '... all the money what I had')

What = the thing(s) that:

Did you hear what they said? (= the things that they said)

 

There are two types of relative clause. In these examples, the relative clauses are underlined. Compare:

Type 1

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.

We stayed at the hotel (that) Ann recommended to us.

In these examples, the relative clause tells you which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

'The woman who lives next door' tells us which woman.

'A company that makes washing machines' tells us what kind of company.

'The hotel (that) Ann recommended tells us which hotel.

We do not use commas (,) with these clauses:

We know a lot of people who live in London. (what kind of people)

Type 2

My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor.

Colin told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

In these examples, the relative clauses do not tell you which person or thing the speaker means. We already know which thing or person is meant: 'My brother Jim', 'Colin's new job' and 'the Grand Hotel'. The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.

We use commas (,) in these clauses:

My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor. (extra information about Jim)

In both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:

Type 1

You can use that:

Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?

Barbara works for a company which/that makes washing machines.

You can leave out that/who/which when it is the object:

We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann recommended.

This morning I met somebody (that/who) I hadn't seen for ages.

We do not often use whom in this type of clause.

Type 2

You cannot use that:

John, who (not 'that') speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.

Colin told me about his new job, which (not 'that') he's enjoying very much.

You cannot leave out who or which:

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

You can use whom (when it is the object):

This morning I met Diane, whom (or who) I hadn't seen for ages.

In both types of relative clause you can use whose and where:

We met some people whose car had broken down.

What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday?

Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.

Mrs Bond is going to spend a few weeks in Sweden, where her daughter lives.

 

EXERSICES

 

14.1. Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital.

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away. The man ---.

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient. The ---.

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. The ---.

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released. The ---.

6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

 

14.2. Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2). Sometimes the clause goes in the middle of the sentence, sometimes at the end. You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.

1. Ann is very friendly. (She lives next door.) Ann, who lives next door, is very friendly.

2. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. (Ann recommended it to us.) We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

3. We went to Sandra's party. (We enjoyed it very much.) We went to Sandra's party --.

4. 1 went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days.) ---.

5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.) John ---.

6. Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.) ---.

7. The new stadium will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.) The ---.

8. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is only 30 miles away.) ---.

9. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there.) ---.

14.3. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. What's the name of the man who car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place --- people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person --- believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child --- parents are dead.

5. The place --- we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children --- first language is not English.

7. 1 don't know the name of the woman to --- I spoke on the phone.

14.4. In some of these sentences you don't need who or that. If you don't need these words, put them in brackets like this: (who) (that).

1. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. ('who' is necessary in this sentence)

2. Have you found the keys (that) you lost. (in this sentence you don't need 'that')

3. The people who we met at the party were very friendly.

4. The people who work in the office are very friendly.

5. The people who I talked to were very friendly.

6. What have you done with the money that I gave you?

7. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it?

8. It was an awful film. It was the worst film that I've ever seen.

9. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me.

 


Date: 2016-01-03; view: 2700


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