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THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

1. During the 19-th century Britain was transformed from a mainly agricultural society into an industrial one. This change has been called the Industrial Revolution because of the dramatic effect it had on the British way of life. People moved to the rapidly expanding towns and cities, railways were developed to transport goods around the country and by 1900 Britain has become a major world power.

2. The coal and iron found in the North-east, the Midlands, Scotland and South Wales provided the power for factories in those areas. The waterways of Newcastle and Glasgow provided easy access to the sea and ship-building industries flourished. Cotton arrived at the great port of Liverpool from the USA and India to be made into cloth in the textile industries nearby. The sheep in the Yorkshire dales provided wool and the coalfields powered the mills. The humid climate of Lancashire was particularly good for the cotton-spinning process. By 1900 Britain was producing over a thirdof the world's manufactured goods and had earned the title ‘The Workshop of the World".

3. The Industrial Revolution was built on the use of machines in factories. Since the 1950s Britain's manufacturing industries have replaced the machine operators with computers and this 'automation' has led to a decline in the number of employees in manufacturing industries. More manufactured goods are bought and used man ever before but a lot of these goods are imported. By the beginning of the twentieth century other industrial countries, like the USA. were competing with Britain's exports and countries in the Far East have been able to provide cheaper products since the 1970s.

4. Dining the last 40 years there has been a rise in smaller industries, known as 'light industries*. These industries use electricity and are not dependent on raw materials such as coal so they are 'footloose', i.e. they can be located anywhere. Many light industries are located on the edge of towns or on industrial estates. (1685)

 

Укажите , какому из абзацев текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующаяидея:

Light industries are not connected with any manufacturing or source of raw materials.

a) 2

b) 1

c) 4

d) 3

 

32.Прочитайте текст

Auguste Comte

1. The French philosopher who is known as the Father of Sociology is Auguste Comte. Comte advocateda science of society, which he named sociology. It was Comte's intention that there be one science of society to take its place alongside the various physical sciences, he stated the need for a "science of man." He urged the use of naturalscience techniques in the study of social life. Comte also originated positivism,a philosophic doctrine that incorporatedhis views on sociology .

2. Auguste Comte was born in Montpellier. France, on Jan. 19. 1798. His father. Louis, was a tax official. Auguste studied at the Ilcole Polytechnique, in Paris, from 1814 to 1816. In 1818 he became secretaryto the Comte de St-Simon. a pioneer socialist. Beginning in 1826. Comte delivered private lectures to some of the leading French scholars and scientists of his day. These lectures became the basis of his most famous work, the six-volume 'Course of Positive Philosophy' which was published between 1830 and 1842. In 1827. two years after his marriage to Caroline Massin. Comte suffered a mental breakdown. After his recoveryhe was on the staff of theIlcole Porytechniquefrom 1832 to 1842. In his four-volume 'System of Positive Polity' published between 1851 and 1854 Comte formulated a concept called "religion of humanity."



3. Comte is best known for his "law of the three stages." According to this "law," man's explanations of naturaland social processes pass through three stages—the theological, the metaphysical, and the positive. In the first stage, man sees these processes as the work of supernatural powers. In the second, he explains them by means of such abstract ideas as "causes" and "forces."

4. In the third stage, he accumulates factual data and determines relationships among the observed facts. Comte believed that astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology had evolved through these stages. He sought to organize sociology along "positive" lines. Comte died in Paris on Sept. 5. 1857. (1689)

Укажите, какой из абзацев(1,2,3,4) текста содержит информацию

Comte supposed that natural sciences passed through three stages.

 

a) 2

b) 1

c) 3

d) 4

 

33.Прочитайте текст


Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1054


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