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FROM THE HISTORY OF TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITYAfter Columbus there were many trips to explore the land by the Spanish, the Dutch, the French and the English. 1565 – the Spaniards founded the first permanent settlement at St. Augustine in Florida.
NB! Pocahontas and John Smith. The story well-known almost to everyone due to the Walt Disney’s cartoon Pocahontas. But unlike the cartoon it was far from being romantic. According to the legend Captain John Smith was one of the leaders of the expedition. Once he went to Indians to buy some food from them, but was taken prisoner. If not for the young princess Pocahontas, he would have died. After that it is said that she often visited the English colony and brought some gifts. At the age of 18 she married John Rolfe (a tobacco planter) and even visited England. Unfortunately she didn’t get back to America, because she died of smallpox. But her son did and today the citizens of Virginia claim to be the descendants of Pocahontas.
NB! The Pilgrim Fathers were the member of the Puritan movement, who were persecuted by the English authorities for their beliefs. They called themselves Pilgrims because they were sailing to the New World to find religious freedom. Mayflower Compact is the first document for self-government in the USA. In the Compact the Plymouth settlers agreed to set up a government- a "civil body politic" to make "just and equal laws" for their new settlement. All of them, Pilgrims and Strangers alike, promised that they would obey these laws. In the difficult years which followed the Mayflower Compact served the colonists well. (Got interested? - see the text in “Hello, America!” Appendix1 p.205)
1630 – 8 new towns (including Boston) were founded by John Winthorp. 1634 – a new settlement in Maryland was founded by Cecilius Calvert. Very soon it became the place of religious toleration, attracting people of different faiths. 1636 – the colony called Providence on Rhode Island was formed.
Besides English other countries also founded their colonies. They were Holland, France, Germany and Sweden.
1626 – the Dutch bought Manhattan Island from Indian chiefs. (The price of this purchase has become part of American Folklore). On the island the Dutch founded a settlement called New Amsterdam. The English thought differently on the point. That’s why in 1634 the Duke of York seized the colony and renamed it New York. By 1680s – the British, the Dutch and the Swedes found their way to the new territories. So, the Swedes founded Delaware.
NB! “Quaker” comes from the word “to quake” – “to tremble” (“to tremble in the name of God”) The Quakers were the members of a Christian religious group (sect) which opposed violence and spent most of its religious services in silence. They didn’t recognize the Church and were persecuted by it. Many of them immigrated to North America. They were known for their refusal to participate in war, plain dress, to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism – the opposition to alcohol. Some Quakers have founded banks and financial institutions including Barclays, Lloyds, etc. Nowadays they are known as Friends, members of "Society of Friends".
1732 – the last colony of the period, Georgia, was established. It was inhabited by the English, the Germans and the Scottish Highlanders. By 1733 – the English occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast. The French controlled Canada, north and west and the central part of the continent known as Louisiana. The south and Florida belonged to the Spaniards. Slaves Among all the immigrants, who came to North America, there was a group which came there unwillingly. They were the Africans who were brought there as slaves since 1619-1808. They were supposed to work on southern plantations. 1619 – the first group of slaves were brought to Virginia. Very soon the slavery system was established in the southern colonies of Virginia, South and North Carolina. It existed up until 1865 when it was officially abolished.
E) The War of Independence / the American Revolution (1775-1783) Reasons: 1) self-government All colonies had a tradition of a representative government, i.e. the governors for the colonies were appointed by the English monarch and ruled in cooperation with elected assembly. This assembly was composed from the wealthy colonists. Besides, the right to vote was given to a white male with property. Since so many colonists owned land this meant that far more people had the vote in America than in England itself or in any other European country at this time. 2) Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) & heavy taxes This war between Britain and France caused lots of money to the British Empire. So the Empire desperately required it to restore its economy. As the result the influence on North American colonies became much stronger, hence leading to a conflict. Furthermore, the new colonies developed rapidly in terms of economy and trade. Britain, of course wasn’t interested in such development. The only legal way to get the money from the colonies was to introduce heavy taxes. On the one hand, taxes would ensure the steady money supply, and on the other hand, would hinder the development of the colonies by making the outside trade difficult. Of all introduced taxes, there were two that caused most displeasure among the colonists. They were: @ The Quartering Act (the colonists were to house and feed British soldiers) @ The Stamp Act (a special stamp was to be put on any document from an important one to a simple newspaper) The latter caused most displeasure among the colonists. All over the country the colonists demanded that their own assemblies could tax them. The most widespread motto of the time was “No taxation without representation”. As a protest the people refused to pay taxes, merchants refused to sell British goods and some even threatened the stamp agents. So eventually the act was abolished, but very soon the new ones on tea and other goods were introduced. What is more a decision was made to close the western lands for settlement, which was very unpopular. December 1773 – “Boston Tea Party” A group of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded ships in Boston harbor and threw the crates with tea into the water. As the result of this event Boston was closed to all outside trade and more British troops were sent to colonies. The event also gave boost to the events leading to a war.
Events:
The British soldiers were sent to seize an arms depot at Concord. At Lexington they were met by hundreds of militiamen. Although the colonists were in majority, the British troops managed to defeat them. These events were known to mark the beginning of the war. By June 1775 – the colonists surrounded Boston and the British left the city only in march 1776.
NB! George Washington was a rich planter from Virginia and a veteran of the Seven Years’ War. Later on he would become the first president of the USA. July 2, 1776 – the Congress, headed by Thomas Jefferson prepared the text of the Declaration of Independence.
September 1776 – the British troops seized New York 1777 – the British took Philadelphia October 1777 – Battle at Saratoga The British suffered a severe defeat and surrendered. After this battle France started to help the colonists against Britain. 1781 – Battle at Yorktown As a result the British troops under the command of General George Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington and the French Fleet.
According to it, all the territory north of Florida, south of Canada and east of the Mississippi is free and independent = the USA. Britain had to recognize the independence of the former colonies. The war was officially over.
Results/ Consequences: 1) political ü The colonies became free and independent state with its own government, army and navy, capital, president and money. ü 1787 – the adoption of the American Constitution in Philadelphia.
ü George Washington became the first president of the USA. ü 1800 – the capital was moved from Philadelphia to Washington D.C. 2) exploration and colonization of the western lands 3) the growth of the population (a lot of people came from Europe searching freedom and new opportunities) 4) the development of industry (for more details see Unit19 in “Hello, America!” p.109-112)
F) The Civil War/ the War between the North and the South (1861-1865) Reasons: 1) social reasons ü the question of slavery on the new territories
1820 – the Missouri Compromise
1850 – the Congress passed an Act, that allowed the southern slave-owners to catch and return their slaves from the free states. 1854 – the Congress again passed an Act, that permitted to settle on a large territory of Kansas and Nebraska and what is more the settlers were allowed to solve the question of slavery themselves. This decision led to more clashes between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters, which spread to other parts of the country.
2) political reasons 1854 – the Republican Party was formed, which was composed from anti-slavery supporters. Abraham Lincoln became a leading figure in the party, besides he was also gaining favour with the society. 1858 – during the presidential election campaign Lincoln was often opposed by Senator Stephen Douglas, who was pro-slavery. The whole country was followed their speeches and debates. 1860 – the Republican Party one the elections and Abraham Lincoln became the President. This fact caused displeasure among the southerners. December 1860 – South Carolina left the Union as a protest. In a few months 10 more southern states joined Carolina and left the Union. 1861 – these 11 states formed the Confederate States of America with its capital in Richmond, government and army.
Events:
1861 – the Civil War began. At first the south army was gaining the upper hand, but this fact couldn’t ensure their victory. They were comparatively backwards as the North, which was also supported by the people against slavery system. January 1, 1863 - the Emancipation Proclamation (a document issued by Lincoln which granted freedom to all slaves; later on it would serve as the basis for the 13th Amendment) Summer 1863 – Battle at Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) As a result the Confederates were defeated and afterwards (November 1863) Lincoln made his most famous speech Gettysburg Address. 1864 – the Union Army under Gen. Sherman (North) marched into the southern states. April 2, 1865 – Gen. Lee (the South) gave up Richmond (the capital of the Confederate States). April 9, 1865 – Battle at Appomattox
Results/ Consequences: 1) political ü April 14, 1865 – Lincoln was assassinated (killed) by an actor John Booth during the performance. ü The war solved 2 most important issues: - the country, as well as nation, became united again - the question of slavery
2) social ü The war is considered to be the bloodiest war in the history of the USA, which took 635,000 people on each side. ü Although the Blacks became free and had some rights, they were still considered “second-rate citizens”, who had to live in the poorest districts of cities. There existed racial segregation in the society, schools, public transport and other public places. The southern states started to pass “Black Codes”, laws which restricted the freedom of the blacks by telling what they can do, where they are allowed to appear in public places. Most of the blacks lost their right to vote because they couldn’t pay the poll taxes or didn’t pass the literacy test. Besides, by the 1870 in the south secret terrorist organizations started to appear which were aimed at threatening the blacks and those whites who helped them. The most notable of them was Ku Klux Klan, which was responsible for many murders of the blacks. The blacks didn’t have the true civil rights up until 1950s-1960s, when the Black Civil Movement made its appearance headed by Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Since that time the process started when the Blacks began to gain more “real” rights.
NB! Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was the most prominent of the Southern terrorist organizations. The name comes from the Greek “circle”. Its members were the white southerners dressed into white hoods and robes with the cross emblem on the left side of the chest. They acted by the Lynch Law – murder without a trial, and often left the burning wooden cross outside the house of their victim. The “trials” usually happened at night, which ended up in killing, lynching or beating. By 1872 the federal government had suppressed the Klan, but the violence continued. Even in modern times there are rumors that the KKK has been resurrected in the south again.
ü The influx of immigrants ü The rapid growth of Capitalism ü Further development of the US (industry, trade, economy)
(for more details see Unit20 in “Hello, America!” p.115-119)
FROM THE HISTORY OF TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY What facts from the history of Tomsk University do you know?
When was the University founded? Who contributed to its opening? Where did the money for the construction come from? How many faculties did the University have in the late 19th century? Where were lectures held? Where did students and professors live? How did the University change and develop in the course of time?
FROM THE HISTORY OF TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY
1. The Founding of the University. Tomsk University is one of the oldest universities in Russia and the first higher educational institution in the vast area from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. It was established in 1878 and opened in 1888. The idea to open a university in Siberia had been discussed by progressive people in Russia for more than half a century before it was fulfilled in the late 19th century.
Tomsk was one of seven cities in Siberia that competed for the honour of hosting a university. Eventually Tomsk was chosen as the best site. On May 28th, 1878 Emperor Alexander II signed a Decree permitting the establishment of the Siberian Imperial University in Tomsk.
Soon a construction committee was formed headed by Professor V.M. Florinsky. Half of the expenses of the construction was covered by voluntary donations from local notables. Along with the construction of the university, a library was being collected, as well as materials for laboratories, museums, the botanical garden and its greenhouse, and the herbarium.
The architects A.Bruni and P.Naranovich designed the university building in classic style. The ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place in August 1880. Most of the construction was completed by 1884. By the opening date in 1888, the main building housed a library, a church, assembly halls, lecture rooms and museums. The professors’ apartments were situated in the wings.
The opening ceremony was held in the church on the first floor on July 22nd, 1888. After the ceremonial church service the guests moved to the Assembly Hall that was decorated with tropical plants and garlands. The hall was packed full with those who wanted to see the opening. Professor Florinsky said in his speech there: “We would like our professors and scientists, inspired by their love for the Motherland, to serve both students and science with equal eagerness. We would like them to be independent in their scientific research and set up their own scientific schools. Only the integration of the academic process and scientific research will enable our university to fulfil its great mission”.
The first professors who taught at the university arrived in Tomsk from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kazan. In 1888 the University was opened, having only one faculty – the Faculty of Medicine. Professor Gezekhus was appointed Rector. In 1898 the Law faculty was opened, and in 1917 –the faculties of Physics-Mathematics, and History-Philosophy-Philology. The University was run by the Academic Board. The sessions of the Board were held in the hall on the ground floor (to the right of the main entrance).
The lectures were given in 3 lecture rooms on the ground and first floors. The first lecture theatre (today room 123) occupied 2 floors and had enough seats for 300 people. There, lectures in theology, mineralogy, zoology and physiology were delivered, as well as lectures for the general public. The second lecture room (No. 141) on the ground floor seated 100 people. Lectures in physics, chemistry, general pathology, hygiene and therapy were given in it. The third lecture room for an audience of 80 was situated on the first floor. In addition, there were two more lecture rooms for different classes on the first floor in the north wing. The professors, including the Rector himself, had apartments in the 3-storeyed wings of the main building.
Before the University was opened, V.Florinsky asked the 80-year-old Count Stroganov to donate his family library to the newly-born university. Stroganov’s library contained over twenty-two thousand volumes. There were other contributions, too. The Siberian industrialist A. Sibiriakov contributed V. Zhukovsky’s library of 4,600 volumes as a gift. Between 1875 and 1885 the University received over 70,000 books and magazines. At first the books were kept in a special room in the main building. In 1914, a new library was completed (architects A. Shishko and A. Kriachkov) that included an assembly hall and a book depository. The façade was made in monumental palace style. The new building was technically advanced: there was central heating, ventilation and electricity. In October 1914 the new library started lending books.
The first residence hall for students was opened in August 1888 (now building 3). There were 45 rooms for 72 students on the first and second floors, a dining hall and a reading room on the ground floor. Most of the rooms were shared by 2 students. The student’s average stipend/scholarship at that time was 22 roubles, out of which 10 roubles was paid for room and board. After the second faculty – Law- was opened in 1898, the number of students grew to 450.
The pride of “Siberian Athens” – the Botanical garden came into being thanks to the university, because it needed a garden for growing medicinal herbs for the Medical faculty. The gardener Porfiriy Krilov arrived in Tomsk from Kazan and with great difficulty brought with him 700 potted plants, transporting them by horse-drawn carts, ships and railway carriages. The hothouses, the conservatory, the flowerbeds, paths and green hedges made the surrounding grounds very picturesque. By the time the University opened there were 17,000 plants in the garden. Some palms and tropical plants have survived until now.
b) Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.(, ‘ - here: stress marks to show where stress is placed) Si’beria /ai/ , la’boratory, mu’seum, ‘architect /k/, ‘architecture, ‘ceremony/s/, to ‘decorate, ,deco’ration, to ‘integrate, ‘inte’gration, ,aca’demic ‘process/s/, to con’tribute, ,contri’bution, fa’çade/a:/, ‘technically/k/, ‘medicine/s/, ‘stipend/ai/ ,mine’ralogy, chemistry/k/, ,co’mmittee, to be ‘situated, to ‘occupy, ,scien’tific, de’pository, ,pictu’resque, palm/a:/, lecture, lecturer, ‘area, i’dea, to ful’fil.
Exercise 2. Study the vocabulary commentaries. To establish – to start or create an organization, a system that is meant to last for a long time. Syn: to set up. e.g. To establish a new state. The committee was established in 1999. To fulfil – a) to do or achieve what was hoped for or expected. e.g. To fulfil your dream/ambition/potential. b) to do what is necessary. e.g. to fulfil a duty/ an obligation/ a promise; to fulfil the terms/ conditions of an agreement. To cover (expenses) – to provide enough money for sth. e.g. A thousand roubles should cover your expenses. The show barely covered its costs. To donate – to give money, food, clothes, etc to sb, especially as charity. e.g. Some people regularly donate thousands of pounds to charity. To make a donation. Voluntary donations; a generous donation. Along with –in addition to sb/sth, in the same way as sb. e.g. When the factory closed, she lost her job, along with hundreds of others. To hold – to arrange: to hold a meeting, a competition, a conversation. e.g. The meeting was held in the assembly hall. To enable – to make it possible for sb to do sth. Syn: to allow. e.g. The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds. The new programme enables older people to study at college. To lecture (in) – to give a talk or a series of talks to a group of students. e.g. She lectures in Russian literature. Syn: to give/to deliver a lecture. Lecture theatre – a large room with rows of seats on a slope, where lectures are given. Hall of residence / hall (Br.E.), dormitory (Am.) – a building for university or college students to live in. To share – a) to use sth at the same time as sb else: She shares a room with two other students. b) to give some of what you have to sb else: The conference is a good place to share information and exchange ideas.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions. 1. What distinguishes Tomsk University from other Siberian universities? 2. How long did it take to carry out the idea of opening a university in Tomsk? 3.Was Tomsk the only town that wished to have a university? 4. Who approved the establishment of the university in Tomsk ? When? 5. How was the construction funded? 6. What facilities were being prepared along with the construction of the main building? 7. Who designed the main building? 8. When and where was the opening ceremony held? 9. The first professors were not from Siberia, were they? Where were they accommodated? 10.What faculties were opened first? 11.Who ran the University? 12.How many lecture rooms were there in the main building? Were they large? 13. How was the University library collected? 14. Where were the books kept? 15. The new library was outstanding in many ways, wasn’t it? 16. What things in the first hall of residence seem unusual by modern standards? 17. Was the Botanical garden meant for decorating the town? 18. Who was the founder of the Botanical garden?
Exercise 4. Correct the following statements. 1. Tomsk University was the second in Siberia. 2. The idea to open it came to Tsar Alexander II quite spontaneously. 3. The money for the construction came from the government. 4. The library, museums, the Botanical garden were opened in the early 20th century. 5. The main building was completed in 15 years. 6. Professors arrived from Siberia and abroad. 7. In 1888 three faculties were opened. 8. The University was run from St. Petersburg. 9. There were ten lecture rooms. 10.The rooms could seat only 50 people each. 11. The first professors had to buy their own houses to live in. 12. The books for the library were bought by students. 13.The library built in 1914 looked humble. 14. The first University students had to rent rooms. 15 The gardener Krilov gathered plants for the Botanical garden in Siberia.
Exercise 5. Identify the following dates, people and numbers with the events in the University’s history. a) May 28th,1878; 1884; July 22nd,1888; 1898; 1917; October 1914; August 1888. b) Tsar Alexander II; Professor Florinsky; Bruni and Naranovich; A. Kriachkov; Professor Gezekhus; P. Krilov; A. Stroganov; A. Sibiriakov; V. Zhukovsky. c) seven cities; half of the expenses; 3 lecture rooms; 300 people; room 141; three-storeyed wings; 80-year-old; 4,600; 72 students; 450 students; 22 roubles; 700 potted plants; 17,000 plants.
Exercise 6. Make up your own sentences with the following words: In the late 19th century, in the early 20th century, to permit, eventually, to cover expenses, to complete, to be held, to enable sb to do sth,, to appoint, to run sth, to deliver lectures, to donate, to contribute, to share sth with sbd, average scholarship, to come into being, thanks to sb/sth, picturesque, to survive.
Exercise 8. Student life at Tomsk University in the late 19th Century. What was student life like at the Imperial Siberian University over a hundred years ago? Do modern students differ much from their predecessors of the 19th century? Compare, decide and answer these questions after reading the information below.
1. In 1888 72 students were admitted to one faculty. In 1898 there were 447 students at two faculties. While Moscow University admitted mostly children from the upper classes, the student body at TU was more diverse and included those who came from upper and lower middle classes, the clergy and merchants. Most of the first students came from theological seminaries, many of them were non-residents and arrived from Ryazan, Kostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, Orel, Penza, Perm, Samara, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. 2. All the students had to pay tuition fees of about 100 roubles per academic year. In addition, they paid for food, housing and clothes. Since most came from low-income families, they lived in poverty and had to save every penny. Average costs for one person amounted to 22 roubles per month. 3. All that money came from 4 sources: parental income; financial support from the government in the form of scholarships (incidentally, there were only 20 scholarships of 300 roubles each per year); financial aid from charity organisations and sponsors; students’ own earnings from part-time jobs. The most popular kinds of part-time work were private teaching, keeping records or accounts in offices and shops, carrying loads as porters at hotels and dockers at train stations and ships. 4. In 1901 75 % of all students lived in rented accommodation, usually sharing flats with fellow-students. The living conditions in the only hall of residence/dormitory were quite satisfactory: the dormitory dwellers were provided with furniture, beddings, library and servants. However, not every student could afford to stay in the dormitory as they were to pay for it in advance a sum of 110 roubles per year. 5. Once young people were enrolled, they had to wear a uniform. The set of clothes consisted of a suit for special occasions, a jacket and trousers for everyday wear, overcoats for winter and summer, and a cap. Many bought these things second-hand. Financial difficulties made students economize on everything, especially on food and clothing, which inevitably led to health problems. Poor health, namely tuberculosis, was a common problem. Every student could consult a doctor and receive medical treatment and prescribed medicines without payment. 6. Students of those days didn’t spend all their time working, they, too, needed to relax. Amateur concerts and theatricals were very popular. A lot of former seminarians sang in the university choir. The money raised from those activities was used to support needy students. A. Morachevsky, an alumnus of the Law Faculty, described student parties of his young days in the following way: “In order to arrange a party we pooled our money and hired a large flat. Then we bought all necessary things and invited friends and acquaintances to spend cold long winter evenings together. We enjoyed singing, drinking wine, chatting and discussing topical issues. Professors were often invited to take part. The parties were open to everyone: their announcements appeared everywhere – in the main building, dining halls and dormitory.”
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1546
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1607 – the English founded the first permanent settlement Jamestown, Virginia. It was named after King James I.
1620 - the Pilgrim Fathers sailed on ship Mayflower to North America. They landed in Provincetown Harbour at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In order to regulate their behavior they worked out and signed a document called Mayflower Compact. In a month they explored the land around Cape Cod Bay and founded a settlement at Plymouth Harbour. Later it became known as Plymouth (the 2nd permanent settlement).
NB! Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated in November 1621. The first winter of the new colonists turned out to be a disaster, as they were not prepared with to cope with the life on the new continent. The severe climate, bad food and diseases took almost half of the settlers. The rescue came in spring with the chief Massasoit’s tribe, the people of which taught the whites to hunt, to grow crops and gave them food. In autumn that year they raised good crops and decided to have a celebration. The celebration was meant not only to thank God for good harvest, but also to strengthen their friendship with the Indians. So they invited Chief Massasoit and his tribe to share the feast. Since that time there is a tradition to celebrate Thanksgiving Day on the fourth day in November. The usual dishes for the day are turkey, squash, corn and pumpkin pie for dessert. (Got interested? – see unit15 in “Hello, America!” p.87)
1609 – Henry Hudson was sent by the Dutch to explore rivers, one of which has his name today. (the Hudson River)
1681 - William Penn, a Quaker from England, came into possession of a large territory, which later was named in his honour – Pennsylvania.
April 19, 1775 – Battles at Lexington & Concord
May 1775 – the Continental Congress in Philadelphia started to act as a national government. It organized its own army and navy under the command of George Washington. It also printed its own money and opened diplomatic relations with foreign countries.
July 4, 1776 – the Declaration was adopted. It proclaimed the independence of the 13 American colonies from Britain.
September 1783 – the Treaty of Paris
NB! Throughout its history the text of the Constitution has never been changed, only 26 Amendments have been made. The Founding Fathers foresaw that perhaps with time the changes would be needed that’s why they put a point allowing amendments to be made. The first 10 have been made almost after the adoption (the Bill of Rights) and the last one, the 26th – in 1999. 
By 1786 slavery was prohibited on the territory north of Maryland, also the Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which banned slavery in the new colonies formed in the Northwest Territory. In such away the North was turning into active anti-slavery supporter. The south still remained pro-slavery, because the slaves were needed to work on the plantations. Of course, they were against the policy of the North. So the question of slavery was the most disputed problem at that time, leading to quarrels and clashes between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters.
It is the document which prohibited slavery on the territory to the north and west of Missouri, but permitted it on the territory of Missouri and Arkansas. It was one of the attempts to find a compromise to the question, which turned out to be a failure.
As a result, Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant (North) and the war was over.
In 1865 the Congress passed the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which officially abolished slavery. A bit later in 1866 the 14th Amendment was passed, which gave the former slaves the rights of the citizens.