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Exercise 3. You must use that when it is the subject of the relative clause. When it is the object, you can leave it out. Choose the sentences in which you don’t need that.
1) Safety is an issue that pervades the entire railroad industry. 2) Millions of American people reached the new territories with the help of the railroads. Later, trains transported the goods that they produced. 3) Most of the states that entered the US after the Civil War owed their rapid growth to the railroads. 4) The safety systems that railroads have developed continue to be improved. 5) The US railroads and Federal Railroad Administration work hand-in-hand to improve the safety of the cars, the locomotives and the trains that they make up. 6) Speaking of the £5bn investment programme, CEO David Higgins said that the investment would turn the Great Western into “the most advanced intercity railway in Britain.”
Exercise 4. When that is the object of the relative clause, you can leave it out. Find the place of the word that.
1) A passenger locomotive needs to provide electrical power for light and heating or air conditioning for the entire train it is pulling. 2) Customers can complain about the service they receive. 3) The points he stressed in his report were very important. 4) Federal standards are based upon the speed and tonnage any line is designated to carry. 5) The global effort is being made to improve the efficiency of transportation vehicles, such as automobiles, buses, trucks and trains, and to reduce the massive amounts of pollutants they emit. 6) A typical cause of delays on some railways sometimes stems from the fact that dispatchers may not be aware of how the decisions they make affect the overall transport plan. 7) Neither the report nor the comment it elicited in press gave any indication of the number of inspectors railroads themselves have, or the body of rules railroads live by to provide the safety of people and avoid damage to goods railroads transport. 8) Before a railroad is built there are usually several alternative routes to be considered. Experts choose what they consider to be the best route. The choice they make has much to do with the success or failure of the new railroad line. 9) A route, though less expensive to build, may run through unsettled country. Hence it may be wiser to build the more expensive line for the sake of the greater local business it can get.
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with a relative clause.
1 Tom recommended a train to us. We took a train Tom recommended to us. 2 Railways have safety inspectors. What is the number of safety inspectors __________? 3 Railways live by rules. What are the rules __________? 4 Railways transport various goods. What are the goods __________? Supplementary reading
Exercise 1. Read the text about the electric power used in railroad application and answer the following questions.
1) Why has AC become the favored means of electrical power for electrified railroads? 2) What components are required for electric traction? 3) Where is third rail used? 4) Do American railroads use American-built electric locomotives? 5) Which traction (steam, diesel or electric) is mostly used in the USA?
Date: 2016-01-03; view: 891
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